Page 1: AMERICA AND THE WORLD

Overview

• Rise and expansion of American power during the "era of catastrophe".

Page 2: QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER

Key Questions

• How did the US role in the world change?

• How do these changes reflect Manifest Destiny?

• In what ways did WWI alter the global landscape?

• What social and economic changes occurred in the US, and how were they related?

Page 3: KEY PLAYERS IN MAKING US A WORLD POWER

Notable Figures

• Admiral Mahan: Advocated for strong naval power to control the Pacific.

• Theodore Roosevelt: Promoted a "speak softly, and carry a big stick" approach.

• Woodrow Wilson: Aimed to make the world "safe for democracy" through involvement in WWI.

• Common belief: The US should spread its influence globally.

Page 4: ROOTS OF IMPERIALISM IN MID-LATE 19TH CENTURY

Factors Contributing to Imperialism

• Context of Manifest Destiny fueling expansionist ideology.

• Sense of cultural superiority; competition with European powers.

• Southern influence in foreign policy, preserving slavery interests.

• A belief to extend US territory to the Caribbean.

Page 5: AGE OF IMPERIALISM: ROLE OF CORPORATE POWER

Economic Motivations

• Wilson's 1907 statement on business interests needing access to new markets.

• Concerns of overproduction led to the push for expansion.

• Strategic annexation of territories (Midway, Wake Islands, Hawaii) for trade.

Page 6: AGE OF IMPERIALISM ROLE OF RACISM: "CIVILIZING INFERIOR RACES"

Ideological Justifications

• Justification for intervention based on perceived cultural superiority.

• TR's Roosevelt Corollary; emphasizing economic terms in defining civilization.

• Notion of social hierarchy concerning various races and cultures.

Page 7: THE ANGLO-SAXON RACE

Beliefs on Racial Hierarchy

• The idea of the Anglo-Saxon race as destined to conquer and civilize.

• Concepts of land scarcity and future racial competition.

Page 8: AGE OF IMPERIALISM ROLE OF RACISM: "WASTE SPACES"

View on Colonization

• Contempt for the rights of indigenous populations deemed "savage".

• Belief in the righteousness of conquering savages to build a strong society.

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Page 10: SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR: APRIL-DECEMBER 1898

Conflict Summary

• Cuban revolt against Spanish rule led to US involvement.

• Spanish used concentration camps resulting in civilian deaths.

• The sinking of the USS Maine stirred public sentiment; media played a critical role.

Page 11: YELLOW JOURNALISM

Media Influence

• Sensationalist reporting by Hearst and Pulitzer inflamed public opinion about the war.

Page 12: OUTCOMES OF SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR

Treaty of Paris 1898

• US acquires control over Philippines, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam.

• Establishes Guantanamo Bay under lease.

• US paid Spain $20 million.

Page 13: OPPOSITION TO IMPERIALISM: THE PHILIPPINES

Resistance to Annexation

• Uprising against US control; defined by McKinley's perspective on civilization.

• Significant loss of life during the conflict.

Page 14: OPPOSITION TO IMPERIALISM: AT HOME

Voices Against Imperialism

• Figures like Carnegie and Twain criticized US imperialism.

• Various labor leaders and politicians opposed annexation of the Philippines.

Page 15: PANAMA CANAL

Strategic Importance

• US intervention in Panama aiding revolution against Colombia.

• Resulted in gain of control over the canal zone.

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Page 17: WORLD WAR I: EUROPEAN CONTEXT

Background

• Pre-war Europe marked by peace but tensions from independence movements.

• Militarization and complex alliances set stage for conflict.

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Page 19: WWI: LEAD-UP TO US INVOLVEMENT

Triggers

• Archduke Ferdinand's assassination sparked international conflict.

• US maintained neutrality until provoked by events like the Zimmerman Telegram.

Page 20: LUSITANIA SINKING

Major Incident

• German submarine attacks British passenger ship Lusitania, resulting in massive loss of life.

• The incident influenced US public opinion on the war.

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Page 22: ZIMMERMAN TELEGRAM

Proposal for Alliance

• Secret telegram proposing a German-Mexican alliance if US entered the war.

Page 23: JOINT RESOLUTION FOR WAR

Congress Declaration

• Declaration of state of war between the US and Germany.

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Page 25: THE WAR AT HOME: POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND ECONOMIC CHANGE

Domestic Impact

• Rise of government powers and regulations to support war effort.

• Workforce changes include influx of women and African American migration.

Page 26: THE WAR AT HOME: CIVIL LIBERTIES UNDER ATTACK

Suppression of Dissent

• Government actions against perceived disloyalty among citizens, especially German-Americans.

Page 27: THE WAR AT HOME: CIVIL LIBERTIES UNDER ATTACK

Vigilante Groups

• Private groups policing dissent; extreme actions against suspected radicals.

Page 28: SEDITION AND ESPIONAGE ACTS

Restricting Freedoms

• Laws limiting free speech; imprisoning dissenters including leaders of opposition.

Page 29: GENERAL JOHN PERSHING

Leadership

• Major figure leading US forces in WWI.

Page 30: THE WAR ABROAD

US Military Engagement

• Troops arrive to support Allies, significant contributions noted by Pershing in command.

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Page 32: GAS WARFARE

New Tactics

• Use of chemical warfare in WWI; introduction of toxic gas as weapons.

Page 33: ARMISTICE DAY

Conclusion of Conflict

• Significant date marking the end of World War I hostilities.

Page 34: AN UNFINISHED PEACE, A FINISHED PRESIDENCY

Post-War Negotiations

• Wilson's push for the 14 Points and League of Nations in peace negotiations.

Page 35: THE TEXT OF THE FOURTEEN POINTS

Wilson's Vision for Peace

• Key principles advocating open diplomacy, free trade, and self-determination.

Page 36: AN UNFINISHED PEACE, A FINISHED PRESIDENCY

Treaty Disagreements

• Allied leaders conflicted on how to treat Germany post-war.

Page 37: FINAL PROVISIONS

Treaty Terms

• Germany's reparations and territorial adjustments, military limitations imposed.

Page 38: SENATE CHALLENGES

Treaty Ratification Issues

• Wilson faced opposition; effort to pass treaty ultimately failed.

Page 39: IMPACT OF WAR: GLOBAL CONTEXT

War Casualties

• Massive loss of life among military and civilians, reshaping global demographics.

Page 40: IMPACT OF WAR: GLOBAL CONTEXT

Empire Collapse

• Fall of major empires leading to new nation-states and border delineations.

Page 41: NEW NATIONS AND BORDERS

Map of Changed Territories

• Overview of newly formed nations and altered borders post-WWI.

Page 42: REAL GDP CHANGES

Economic Consequences

• The impact of war reflected in the GDP changes of major nations, showing economic challenges.

Page 43: IMPACT OF WAR: AT HOME

US War Casualties

• Overview of casualties and military force growth during WWI.

Page 44: IMPACT OF WAR AT HOME: GOVERNMENT

Government Expansion

• Expansion of governmental roles and regulations to meet wartime needs.

Page 45: IMPACT OF WAR AT HOME: GOVERNMENT

Agency Creation

• Introduction of agencies aimed at managing war production and labor relations.

Page 46: IMPACT OF WAR : PROGRESSIVISM

Shift in Ideology

• Introduction of government policies aiming to balance wartime needs with Progressive ideals.

Page 47: IMPACT OF WAR : INCREASED ROLE OF WOMEN

Changing Social Norms

• Women enter workforce in greater numbers, leading to shifts in societal roles.

Page 48: IMPACT OF WAR : DEATH KNELL OF PROGRESSIVISM

Post-War Challenges

• Economic turmoil and political shifts leading to a decline in Progressive reforms.

Page 49: IMPACT OF WAR : LEGACY

Future Implications

• Lasting impact of WWI on government policies and civil society; shaping future governance practices.