CT 7 & SEM 2 Exam prep
Definition: Small groups of letters added to the beginning (prefixes) or end (suffixes) of words to change meaning.
Example: "un-" added to "happy" changes it to "unhappy," meaning not happy.
Prefixes: Come before the root word, change its meaning.
Suffixes: Come after the root word, change grammatical function or meaning.
be-, non-, dis-, in-, de-, im-, mis-, re-, pre-, un-
Quiz on adding prefixes like de-, dis-, re-, over-, or mis- to verbs.
Change parts of speech, altering the word's form.
-tion, -er, -ness, -ity, -age, -ism, -ant, -ship, -ment
Add prefixes and/or suffixes to complete sentences, changing word meanings.
Create new words with meanings by combining root words with prefixes or suffixes.
Variety: Allows hearing voices beyond the narrator.
Characterization: Learn about people through their speech.
Readability: Short paragraphs make the story easier to read.
Start a new line for each speaker change.
Include a tagline identifying the speaker.
Punctuation rules for dialogue.
Different types with examples and correct punctuation practices.
Correcting punctuation and capitalization in dialogue sentences.
Choose a prompt and write a dialogue with correct punctuation.
Topics: Simple, compound, or complex sentences, punctuation, figurative language, poetry.
Clause Definition
A group of words with a verb and subject
Types of Clauses
Main and subordinate clauses
Subject in a Sentence
Person or thing carrying out the main action
Verbs in Sentences
Describe actions, emotions, thoughts, opinions, or states of being
Main Clause
Key part of a sentence
Forms a complete sentence on its own
Subordinate Clause
Provides more information about the main clause
Does not make sense on its own
Simple Sentences
Contain only one main clause
Compound Sentences
Include two main clauses
Linked by co-ordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS)
Complex Sentences
Include a main clause and a subordinate clause
Subordinate clause adds detail to the main clause
Subordinating Conjunctions
Words that link subordinate clauses to main clauses
Punctuation Rules
Comma usage in lists, with conjunctions, before speech marks, and after fronted adverbials
Commas in Lists
Use commas to separate items in lists
Last two items separated by a conjunction
Commas with 'but'
Use a comma when 'but' joins two independent clauses
Avoid comma splice errors
Commas with Speech Marks
Use commas before and after speech marks
Exceptions with question marks and exclamation marks
Commas after Fronted Adverbials
Use a comma after fronted adverbials in sentences
Definition: Words or phrases at the beginning of a sentence for more detail
Time, place, reason, manner
Examples: Yesterday, nearby, sadly, under pressure
Usage: Before long, all of a sudden, carefully
Use a comma when addressing someone by name
Example: Aisha, are you ready?
Remember: Names start with a capital letter
Literal vs. figurative language
Types: Simile, personification, metaphor, hyperbole, onomatopoeia, puns, idioms, alliteration
Examples and explanations for each type
Types of figurative language:
Onomatopoeia
Metaphor
Personification
Idiom
Alliteration
Hyperbole
Simile
Example: "I’ve lost my new phone; my dad’s going to kill me!"
Certainly! Here are the notes on the differences and usages of the given literary devices:
Definition: Onomatopoeia refers to words that imitate natural sounds.
Usage:
Purpose: Creates vivid imagery and auditory effects in writing, making the description more lively and engaging.
Examples: "buzz" (bee), "clang" (metal hitting metal), "sizzle" (frying), "murmur" (soft talking).
Definition: A metaphor is a figure of speech that describes an object or action as something else, highlighting similarities between the two.
Usage:
Purpose: Conveys complex ideas and emotions by connecting familiar concepts, adding depth and layers of meaning.
Examples: "Time is a thief" (suggests time steals moments), "He has a heart of stone" (indicates coldness or unfeeling nature).
Definition: Personification involves giving human characteristics to non-human entities.
Usage:
Purpose: Animates inanimate objects or abstract ideas, making them relatable and vivid for readers.
Examples: "The wind whispered through the trees," "The sun smiled down on us," "Time marches on."
Definition: An idiom is a phrase or expression that has a figurative meaning different from its literal meaning.
Usage:
Purpose: Enriches language with cultural and contextual nuances, often making communication more colorful and expressive.
Examples: "Kick the bucket" (to die), "Break the ice" (to start a conversation), "Spill the beans" (to reveal a secret).
Definition: Alliteration is the repetition of the initial consonant sounds in closely positioned words.
Usage:
Purpose: Creates rhythm, mood, and emphasis in writing, making it more memorable and engaging.
Examples: "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers," "She sells seashells by the seashore."
Definition: Hyperbole is an exaggerated statement not meant to be taken literally.
Usage:
Purpose: Emphasizes strong feelings or creates a dramatic effect, often adding humor or intensity.
Examples: "I'm so hungry I could eat a horse," "I've told you a million times."
Definition: A simile is a figure of speech that compares two different things using "like" or "as."
Usage:
Purpose: Clarifies and enhances descriptions by drawing direct comparisons, making abstract or unfamiliar ideas more understandable.
Examples: "Her smile was as bright as the sun," "He runs like a cheetah," "Life is like a box of chocolates."
Onomatopoeia imitates sounds, adding sensory details.
Metaphor directly states one thing is another, providing deeper meaning.
Personification gives human traits to non-humans, making them relatable.
Idiom uses culturally specific phrases with figurative meanings.
Alliteration repeats initial consonant sounds, enhancing rhythm and mood.
Hyperbole uses extreme exaggeration for emphasis or effect.
Simile compares using "like" or "as," clarifying descriptions.
Definition: Small groups of letters added to the beginning (prefixes) or end (suffixes) of words to change meaning.
Example: "un-" added to "happy" changes it to "unhappy," meaning not happy.
Prefixes: Come before the root word, change its meaning.
Suffixes: Come after the root word, change grammatical function or meaning.
be-, non-, dis-, in-, de-, im-, mis-, re-, pre-, un-
Quiz on adding prefixes like de-, dis-, re-, over-, or mis- to verbs.
Change parts of speech, altering the word's form.
-tion, -er, -ness, -ity, -age, -ism, -ant, -ship, -ment
Add prefixes and/or suffixes to complete sentences, changing word meanings.
Create new words with meanings by combining root words with prefixes or suffixes.
Variety: Allows hearing voices beyond the narrator.
Characterization: Learn about people through their speech.
Readability: Short paragraphs make the story easier to read.
Start a new line for each speaker change.
Include a tagline identifying the speaker.
Punctuation rules for dialogue.
Different types with examples and correct punctuation practices.
Correcting punctuation and capitalization in dialogue sentences.
Choose a prompt and write a dialogue with correct punctuation.
Topics: Simple, compound, or complex sentences, punctuation, figurative language, poetry.
Clause Definition
A group of words with a verb and subject
Types of Clauses
Main and subordinate clauses
Subject in a Sentence
Person or thing carrying out the main action
Verbs in Sentences
Describe actions, emotions, thoughts, opinions, or states of being
Main Clause
Key part of a sentence
Forms a complete sentence on its own
Subordinate Clause
Provides more information about the main clause
Does not make sense on its own
Simple Sentences
Contain only one main clause
Compound Sentences
Include two main clauses
Linked by co-ordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS)
Complex Sentences
Include a main clause and a subordinate clause
Subordinate clause adds detail to the main clause
Subordinating Conjunctions
Words that link subordinate clauses to main clauses
Punctuation Rules
Comma usage in lists, with conjunctions, before speech marks, and after fronted adverbials
Commas in Lists
Use commas to separate items in lists
Last two items separated by a conjunction
Commas with 'but'
Use a comma when 'but' joins two independent clauses
Avoid comma splice errors
Commas with Speech Marks
Use commas before and after speech marks
Exceptions with question marks and exclamation marks
Commas after Fronted Adverbials
Use a comma after fronted adverbials in sentences
Definition: Words or phrases at the beginning of a sentence for more detail
Time, place, reason, manner
Examples: Yesterday, nearby, sadly, under pressure
Usage: Before long, all of a sudden, carefully
Use a comma when addressing someone by name
Example: Aisha, are you ready?
Remember: Names start with a capital letter
Literal vs. figurative language
Types: Simile, personification, metaphor, hyperbole, onomatopoeia, puns, idioms, alliteration
Examples and explanations for each type
Types of figurative language:
Onomatopoeia
Metaphor
Personification
Idiom
Alliteration
Hyperbole
Simile
Example: "I’ve lost my new phone; my dad’s going to kill me!"
Certainly! Here are the notes on the differences and usages of the given literary devices:
Definition: Onomatopoeia refers to words that imitate natural sounds.
Usage:
Purpose: Creates vivid imagery and auditory effects in writing, making the description more lively and engaging.
Examples: "buzz" (bee), "clang" (metal hitting metal), "sizzle" (frying), "murmur" (soft talking).
Definition: A metaphor is a figure of speech that describes an object or action as something else, highlighting similarities between the two.
Usage:
Purpose: Conveys complex ideas and emotions by connecting familiar concepts, adding depth and layers of meaning.
Examples: "Time is a thief" (suggests time steals moments), "He has a heart of stone" (indicates coldness or unfeeling nature).
Definition: Personification involves giving human characteristics to non-human entities.
Usage:
Purpose: Animates inanimate objects or abstract ideas, making them relatable and vivid for readers.
Examples: "The wind whispered through the trees," "The sun smiled down on us," "Time marches on."
Definition: An idiom is a phrase or expression that has a figurative meaning different from its literal meaning.
Usage:
Purpose: Enriches language with cultural and contextual nuances, often making communication more colorful and expressive.
Examples: "Kick the bucket" (to die), "Break the ice" (to start a conversation), "Spill the beans" (to reveal a secret).
Definition: Alliteration is the repetition of the initial consonant sounds in closely positioned words.
Usage:
Purpose: Creates rhythm, mood, and emphasis in writing, making it more memorable and engaging.
Examples: "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers," "She sells seashells by the seashore."
Definition: Hyperbole is an exaggerated statement not meant to be taken literally.
Usage:
Purpose: Emphasizes strong feelings or creates a dramatic effect, often adding humor or intensity.
Examples: "I'm so hungry I could eat a horse," "I've told you a million times."
Definition: A simile is a figure of speech that compares two different things using "like" or "as."
Usage:
Purpose: Clarifies and enhances descriptions by drawing direct comparisons, making abstract or unfamiliar ideas more understandable.
Examples: "Her smile was as bright as the sun," "He runs like a cheetah," "Life is like a box of chocolates."
Onomatopoeia imitates sounds, adding sensory details.
Metaphor directly states one thing is another, providing deeper meaning.
Personification gives human traits to non-humans, making them relatable.
Idiom uses culturally specific phrases with figurative meanings.
Alliteration repeats initial consonant sounds, enhancing rhythm and mood.
Hyperbole uses extreme exaggeration for emphasis or effect.
Simile compares using "like" or "as," clarifying descriptions.
