CT 7 & SEM 2 Exam prep

CT 7 & SEM 2 Exam Prep

Prefixes and Suffixes

• Definition: Small groups of letters added to the beginning (prefixes) or end (suffixes) of words to change meaning.

  • Example: "un-" added to "happy" changes it to "unhappy," meaning not happy.

• Prefixes: Come before the root word, change its meaning.

• Suffixes: Come after the root word, change grammatical function or meaning.

Common Prefixes

• be-, non-, dis-, in-, de-, im-, mis-, re-, pre-, un-

Changing Verb Meaning with Prefixes

• Quiz on adding prefixes like de-, dis-, re-, over-, or mis- to verbs.

Suffixes

• Change parts of speech, altering the word's form.

Common Suffixes

• -tion, -er, -ness, -ity, -age, -ism, -ant, -ship, -ment

Prefixes and Suffixes in Sentences

• Add prefixes and/or suffixes to complete sentences, changing word meanings.

Game

• Create new words with meanings by combining root words with prefixes or suffixes.

Punctuation in Dialogue

Why Use Dialogue?

• Variety: Allows hearing voices beyond the narrator.

• Characterization: Learn about people through their speech.

• Readability: Short paragraphs make the story easier to read.

Rules of Dialogue

• Start a new line for each speaker change.

• Include a tagline identifying the speaker.

• Punctuation rules for dialogue.

Types of Dialogue Sentences

• Different types with examples and correct punctuation practices.

Practice

• Correcting punctuation and capitalization in dialogue sentences.

Dialogue Prompts

• Choose a prompt and write a dialogue with correct punctuation.

SEM 2 Exam Study Points

• Topics: Simple, compound, or complex sentences, punctuation, figurative language, poetry.

Simple Compound & Complex

• Clause Definition

  • A group of words with a verb and subject

• Types of Clauses

  • Main and subordinate clauses

• Subject in a Sentence

  • Person or thing carrying out the main action

• Verbs in Sentences

  • Describe actions, emotions, thoughts, opinions, or states of being

• Main Clause

  • Key part of a sentence

  • Forms a complete sentence on its own

• Subordinate Clause

  • Provides more information about the main clause

  • Does not make sense on its own

• Simple Sentences

  • Contain only one main clause

• Compound Sentences

  • Include two main clauses

  • Linked by co-ordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS)

• Complex Sentences

  • Include a main clause and a subordinate clause

  • Subordinate clause adds detail to the main clause

• Subordinating Conjunctions

  • Words that link subordinate clauses to main clauses

PUNCTUATION

• Punctuation Rules

  • Comma usage in lists, with conjunctions, before speech marks, and after fronted adverbials

• Commas in Lists

  • Use commas to separate items in lists

  • Last two items separated by a conjunction

• Commas with 'but'

  • Use a comma when 'but' joins two independent clauses

  • Avoid comma splice errors

• Commas with Speech Marks

  • Use commas before and after speech marks

  • Exceptions with question marks and exclamation marks

• Commas after Fronted Adverbials

  • Use a comma after fronted adverbials in sentences

Fronted Adverbials

• Definition: Words or phrases at the beginning of a sentence for more detail

  • Time, place, reason, manner

• Examples: Yesterday, nearby, sadly, under pressure

• Usage: Before long, all of a sudden, carefully

Commas with Names

• Use a comma when addressing someone by name

• Example: Aisha, are you ready?

• Remember: Names start with a capital letter

Figurative Language

• Literal vs. figurative language

• Types: Simile, personification, metaphor, hyperbole, onomatopoeia, puns, idioms, alliteration

• Examples and explanations for each type

• Types of figurative language:

  • Onomatopoeia

  • Metaphor

  • Personification

  • Idiom

  • Alliteration

  • Hyperbole

  • Simile

• Example: "I’ve lost my new phone; my dad’s going to kill me!"

Certainly! Here are the notes on the differences and usages of the given literary devices:

Onomatopoeia

Definition: Onomatopoeia refers to words that imitate natural sounds.

Usage:

• Purpose: Creates vivid imagery and auditory effects in writing, making the description more lively and engaging.

• Examples: "buzz" (bee), "clang" (metal hitting metal), "sizzle" (frying), "murmur" (soft talking).

Metaphor

Definition: A metaphor is a figure of speech that describes an object or action as something else, highlighting similarities between the two.

Usage:

• Purpose: Conveys complex ideas and emotions by connecting familiar concepts, adding depth and layers of meaning.

• Examples: "Time is a thief" (suggests time steals moments), "He has a heart of stone" (indicates coldness or unfeeling nature).

Personification

Definition: Personification involves giving human characteristics to non-human entities.

Usage:

• Purpose: Animates inanimate objects or abstract ideas, making them relatable and vivid for readers.

• Examples: "The wind whispered through the trees," "The sun smiled down on us," "Time marches on."

Idiom

Definition: An idiom is a phrase or expression that has a figurative meaning different from its literal meaning.

Usage:

• Purpose: Enriches language with cultural and contextual nuances, often making communication more colorful and expressive.

• Examples: "Kick the bucket" (to die), "Break the ice" (to start a conversation), "Spill the beans" (to reveal a secret).

Alliteration

Definition: Alliteration is the repetition of the initial consonant sounds in closely positioned words.

Usage:

• Purpose: Creates rhythm, mood, and emphasis in writing, making it more memorable and engaging.

• Examples: "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers," "She sells seashells by the seashore."

Hyperbole

Definition: Hyperbole is an exaggerated statement not meant to be taken literally.

Usage:

• Purpose: Emphasizes strong feelings or creates a dramatic effect, often adding humor or intensity.

• Examples: "I'm so hungry I could eat a horse," "I've told you a million times."

Simile

Definition: A simile is a figure of speech that compares two different things using "like" or "as."

Usage:

• Purpose: Clarifies and enhances descriptions by drawing direct comparisons, making abstract or unfamiliar ideas more understandable.

• Examples: "Her smile was as bright as the sun," "He runs like a cheetah," "Life is like a box of chocolates."

Summary of Differences:

• Onomatopoeia imitates sounds, adding sensory details.

• Metaphor directly states one thing is another, providing deeper meaning.

• Personification gives human traits to non-humans, making them relatable.

• Idiom uses culturally specific phrases with figurative meanings.

• Alliteration repeats initial consonant sounds, enhancing rhythm and mood.

• Hyperbole uses extreme exaggeration for emphasis or effect.

• Simile compares using "like" or "as," clarifying descriptions.