Liberal and Social Theories Notes

3.1: Compare Two Explanations for the Trend Toward Less Warfare in the Past Century

• Recent Trends: Less warfare is prominent today, despite perceptions of a more violent world due to significant conflicts involving the U.S.

  • World War Context: The first half of the 20th century saw devastating world wars killing millions. The Cold War later led to proxy wars and a nuclear threat.
  • Current State: Recent conflicts like those in Afghanistan and Syria have resulted in fewer casualties when compared by historical standards.

• Historical War Casualty Trends:

  • Statistical Decline: From millions killed in the 20th century to hundreds of thousands in contemporary conflicts. This trend suggests major wars may decrease.
  • Recent Conflicts: Conflicts in Lebanon, Sierra Leone, and Colombia showcase a trend toward smaller engagements and resolutions.

3.2: Theories Why Democracies Do Not Wage War on One Another

• Liberal Theories: These theories discuss incremental evolution of norms and institutions fostering peace.

  • Kant’s Views:
  • Developed principles that states can cooperate through institutions like a global federation (e.g., the UN).
  • Proposed that internal government characteristics influence peace, asserting republics are more peaceful than autocracies.
  • Suggested trade promotes peace by fostering economic interdependence, reducing the likelihood of conflict.

• Democratic Peace Theory:

  • Democracies rarely engage in wars against each other due to shared norms, economic ties, and mutual dependencies.

3.3: Social Theories Explaining Countries Moving from Rivalry to Alliance

• Constructivism: This theory focuses on identity and social interactions influencing state interests.
  • Identity Construction: Countries redefine their relations through interactions, shaping national interests.
  • European Example: After two world wars, former enemies in Europe (e.g., France and Germany) evolved into partners in the EU.

3.4: Marx’s Domestic Theory of Class Struggle vs. Lenin’s Theory of Imperialism

• Marx’s View:

  • Focuses on class struggle arising from economic inequalities and exploitation, viewing domestic politics as intertwined with international relations.

• Lenin’s Perspective:

  • Viewed imperialism as necessary due to the capitalism of colonial powers exploiting global South, highlighting the competing interests among imperialist countries.

3.5: Mediation in Conflict Resolution

• Role of Third Parties: Mediation often involves a neutral third party to facilitate peace between conflicting nations.
  • Techniques: Good offices, communication facilitation, and confidence-building measures.
  • Arbitration: Official resolution when parties agree to abide by a mediator’s decision, exemplified in historic negotiations.

3.6: Global Issues Where Gender Matters

• Gender in Security:

  • Analysis of how gender dynamics impact conflict and peace processes.
  • Feminist approaches emphasize the role of women in shaping policy and conflict resolution.

• Social Structures: Gender roles significantly influence national and global policy decisions affecting warfare and peacebuilding processes.