Characteristics of All Animals

• Eukaryotic Cell without a cell wall

• Multi-cellular

• Ability to move

• Heterotrophic

  • Cannot make its own food

Monophyletic Groups

• Presence of Specialized Cells (Specific Function)

  • Tissue - Group or layer of S.C.

    • Skin - Epithelial cells

    • Cardiac - Muscle cells

• Symmetry

  • Asymmetrical - No line of symmetry (Sponges)

  • Radial - Sectioned into identical halves

  • Bilateral - Split into a mirror image

• Gut Formation

  • Protostomes - Mouth first

  • Deuterostomes - Mouth second

  • One direction (mouth to anus or anus to mouth)

• Growth

  • Molting - Shedding outer covering

  • Continuous - Adding to their existing body

Characteristics Unique

• Specialized Cells

• Radial/Bilateral

• Protostomes

  • Continuous/Moltin

• Deuterostomes

Polyphyletic Groups

• Invertebrates - No backbone (95% of animals)

• Vertebrates - Have backbone

Animals

• Sponges (Phylum Porifera)

  • No tissue

  • Hollow tubes or canals

  • Feed through pores

  • Free swimming larvae

  • Move as adults

• Cnidaria

  • Radially symmetrical

  • Tentacles with stingers

  • Sea Anemones

    • Tentacles on top of body

    • Free swimming larvae and adults move a few inches

  • Corals

    • Secrete calcium carbonate shell

    • Energy from algae (zooxanthellae

    • Z gives oxygens and nutrients

    • C gives C02

• Worms

  • Flatworms

    • Well defined and tail regions

    • Grow by adding

    • Herm.

    • Asexual and sexual

    • Mouth = anus

  • Roundworms

    • Unsegmented

    • Strong, flexible cuticle

    • Molt

  • Segmented

    • Polychaeta

      • Marine worms (lateral bristles)

    • Oligochaeta

      • Earth

      • Burrow in ground

      • Adds nutrients to the soil

    • Hirudinea

      • Leeches

      • Not all bloodsuckers

      • Eat other worms, snails, and insect larvae

• Mullusca

  • Shell

  • Mantle (tissue forms the shell)

  • Radula (tongue structure)

  • Body Mass

• Gastropoda

• Bivalvia

• Cephalopoda

• Arthropoda

• Millipedes/Centipedes

• Chelicerates

• Crustaceans

• Insects

Adaptive Radiation

• Metamorphosis and ability to fly (Insects)

  • Escape from predators

  • Move from one place to another

  • Complete/Incomplete

    • Division of organisms into 3 stages (83%)

    • Doesn’t pass through separate stages (17%)

From Water to Land

• Respiration - Need to breath air

  • Lungs

• Gravity - Structure

  • Limbs and vertebrae

• Eggs - Eggs dry up

  • Waterproof eggshell

Chordata

Groups

• Mammals

  • Monotremes - Eggs

  • Marsupial - Young develop outside moms body

  • Placental - Inside mother and placenta

• Tetrapods (Four Feet)

  • Non-amniotes - Gelatinous eggs that do not have shell

    • Laid in or near water

    • Amphibians (Dual Life)

  • Amnoites - Eggs have protective shells or fluid filled sac (Reptiles and birds)

• Vertebral Column

  • Lampreys

• Jaw, Paired Appendages

  • Cartilaginous Fishes

• Intenal Bony Skeleton

  • Fay-Finned Fishes

• Lobed Appendages

  • Laobe-Finned Fishes

• Legs with Multiple Digits

  • Amphibians

• Amniotic Egg

  • Reptiles and Birds

• Mammary Glands, Hair

  • Mammals

• Groups

• Mammals

  • Monotremes - Eggs

  • Marsupial - Young develop outside moms body

  • Placental - Inside mother and placenta

• Tetrapods (Four Feet)

  • Non-amniotes - Gelatinous eggs that do not have shell

    • Laid in or near water

    • Amphibians (Dual Life)

  • Amnoites - Eggs have protective shells or fluid filled sac (Reptiles and birds)

Groups

• Protist

  • Algae

• Plants

  • Eukaryotic

  • Multicellular

  • Cant move

  • Cell wall

  • Alternation of Generations

• Fungi

  • Eukarya (Mono)

  • Hetero - Decomposers or symbionts

  • Moving

  • Cell Wall (Chitin)

From Water to Land

• Gravity - Grow low to the ground

• Desiccation (Drying out) - Traps in water

Stationary Life Cons

• Obtaining Nutrients

  • Can’t move to sunlit

  • Store

• Finding a Mate

  • Disperse pollen

• Resisting Predation

  • Thorns or toxins

Plants

• Non- Vascular - Earliest

  • Water and nutrients (diffusion)

  • Haploid spores

  • Multicellular haploid and diploid

• Seedless Vascular - Next split

• Water and nutrients (circulatory system)

• Haploid spores

• Multicellular haploid and diploid

• Seeded Vascular - Last big split

• Gymnosperms - Cone producing

  • Pine, furs and redwoods

• Angiosperms - Flower producing

  • Fruit and nut trees, grasses, cactus and herbs

Alternation of Generation

• Sporophyte - Diploid with spores

• Gametophyte - Haploid, prothallus

  • Male and female need water for fert.

Flower

Flower Reproduction

• Pollination

  • Trickery

  • Bribery

• Seed Dispersal

  • Hitching a ride

  • Flying and floating

  • Food Source

Double Fert.

• Two sperms. One fert. the egg the other fert. endosperm.

• More energy efficient

• Do it rapidly (small size)

Fungi Uses and Relationships

• Relationships

  • Symbionts

    • Fungus get sugar

    • Plant get nutrients

• Uses

  • Food Source -Cap

  • Antibiotic - Penicillium

  • Bread - Yeast

  • Bioluminescent -Glow in dark

Organization of Life

• Domain -Dont

• Kingdom - Kill

• Phylum -People

• Class - Cuz

• Order -Other

• Family

• Genus - Get

• Species -Sad

• Specific Epithet - Species name is the Genus and Species

• Three Domains

  • Bacteria - 1 King.

  • Archaea - 1 King.

  • Eukarya - 3 Dom. 6 King.

Microbes

• An organism that cant be seen without a microsope

  • In all 3 Domains

    • Genetically diverse: 500,000

    • Live almost every place on Earth 5F - 750

    • Eat anything

    • Abundant

• Evolution

  • Bacteria and Archaea (Prokaryotic)

  • Eukarya

    • Arose from endosymbiosis - Lrg. cell engulfed another

Bacteria

• Shapes

  • Cocci - Spherical

  • Bacilli - Rod

  • Spirilla - Spiral