Untitled Flashcards Set

• 1. Why are the ethical theories discussed called Ideal Theories?

• 2. Which ethical theories are Consequentialist, and which Non-Consequentialist?

• 3. Why is Kant's theory called Deontology, or Deontological?

• 4. What does Eudaimonia mean, as in Aristotle?

• 5. The proponents of Utilitarianism are blank and blank

• Kant believed that morality must be grounded in blank, which is highly developed in humans, but not so much it seems) in other animals

  7. What is one of the problems with Kant's ethics?

• 8. What is one of the problems with Utilitarianism?

• 9. What is one of the problems with Virtue Ethics (Aristotle)?

• 10. What is a virtue, for Aristotle?

• 11. What was going on during Kant's time which motivated him to construct a secular ethics, as he did?

• 12. For Jacques Ellul, what is the difference between The Sacred and The Holy?

the answers will be on the bottom numbers to the corresponding question

1. They're Ideal Theories because in a perfect world, they could work as answers to ethical questions. But they also ask the question, "what has to matter?" Since each theory is missing something that matters.

2. Consequentialist theories are concerned with consequences, results, and the bigger picture in a situation. An example of one would be Utilitarianism. Non-Consequentialist theories are concerned with the actions taken rather than the goals.
   An example of this would be Deontology.

3. Kant's Theory is called Deontology because it is concerned with the duties of a person, regardless of the goal they are trying to reach. It is focused on what someone ought to do.

4. Eudaimonia is a state of happiness, loosely translating to
   "good spirit". Aristotle believed that this happiness is an activity of the soul in accordance with virtues. Virtues are required to lead the most rational and successful life, which allows someone to reach eudaimonia.

5. Jeremy Benthem and John Stuart Mill.

6. Reason or rationality

7. Kant's ethics does not allow a lot of flexibility in complex situations, and it neglects the importance of consequences.
   (Example: Kant's ethics does not allow a person to lie even when it could save someone's life)

8. Utilitarianism is emphasizes "decided preference"—what individuals find valuable must be weighed. The real challenge is calculating the right outcome since people's preferences vary, and it's impossible to know or predict them all. This also raises concerns about justice when individual rights are sacrificed for the greater good.

9. Aristotle's virtue ethics places a lot of importance on a person's character and neglects the action at hand. In believing that a person with good virtues will make the right decision, there are no actual rules for how to make those right decisions.

10. Virtue, or arete, are the traits required to lead the best life possible. They are tools of the soul and are achieved through training the mind. Vices are the excess or deficiency of virtues.

11. During Kant's time, there was a great movement away from religion, which used to be the main source of ethics. He wanted ethics to be rooted in universal, rational principles instead of spiritual ones.

12. The Sacred is privilege placed on a thing or community of very high value, like a nation, religion, or tribe. The Holy is privilege placed on humanity and humanness. In Ellul's eyes, the Holy should always trump the Sacred.

Multiple Choice Questions: A form of assessment that provides respondents with several answer options to choose from. They are often used in educational settings to evaluate knowledge and understanding. Key components include:

• Stem: The question or statement presented to the respondent.

• Options: The possible answers provided, including the correct answer and distractors (incorrect options).

• Correct answer: The one choice that accurately answers the stem.

• Distractors: Plausible but incorrect options designed to challenge the respondent's knowledge.

Benefits of Multiple Choice Questions:

• Easy to score and analyze results statistically.

• Can cover a wide range of content in a short amount of time.

• Objective grading reduces assessment bias.

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Turn Into Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

Definition: A form of assessment that presents respondents with several answer options to choose from.

Key Components:

1. Stem: The question or statement presented to the respondent.

2. Options: The possible answers provided, including the correct answer and distractors (incorrect options).

3. Correct Answer: The one choice that accurately answers the stem.

4. Distractors: Plausible but incorrect options designed to challenge the respondent's knowledge.

Benefits of MCQs:

• Easy to score and analyze results statistically.

• Can cover a wide range of content in a short amount of time.

• Objective grading reduces assessment bias.

1. Why are the ethical theories discussed called Ideal Theories?

• They're Ideal Theories because in a perfect world, they could work as answers to ethical questions. But they also ask the question, "what has to matter?" Since each theory is missing something that matters.

2. Which ethical theories are Consequentialist, and which Non-Consequentialist?

• Consequentialist theories are concerned with consequences, results, and the bigger picture in a situation. An example of one would be Utilitarianism. Non-Consequentialist theories are concerned with the actions taken rather than the goals. An example of this would be Deontology.

3. Why is Kant's theory called Deontology, or Deontological?

• Kant's Theory is called Deontology because it is concerned with the duties of a person, regardless of the goal they are trying to reach. It is focused on what someone ought to do.

4. What does Eudaimonia mean, as in Aristotle?

• Eudaimonia is a state of happiness, loosely translating to "good spirit". Aristotle believed that this happiness is an activity of the soul in accordance with virtues. Virtues are required to lead the most rational and successful life, which allows someone to reach eudaimonia.

5. The proponents of Utilitarianism are blank and blank

• Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill.

6. Kant believed that morality must be grounded in blank, which is highly developed in humans, but not so much it seems) in other animals

• Reason or rationality.

7. What is one of the problems with Kant's ethics?

• Kant's ethics does not allow a lot of flexibility in complex situations, and it neglects the importance of consequences. (Example: Kant's ethics does not allow a person to lie even when it could save someone's life.)

8. What is one of the problems with Utilitarianism?

• Utilitarianism emphasizes "decided preference"—what individuals find valuable must be weighed. The real challenge is calculating the right outcome since people's preferences vary, and it's impossible to know or predict them all. This also raises concerns about justice when individual rights are sacrificed for the greater good.

9. What is one of the problems with Virtue Ethics (Aristotle)?

• Aristotle's virtue ethics places a lot of importance on a person's character and neglects the action at hand. In believing that a person with good virtues will make the right decision, there are no actual rules for how to make those right decisions.

10. What is a virtue, for Aristotle?

• Virtue, or arete, are the traits required to lead the best life possible. They are tools of the soul and are achieved through training the mind. Vices are the excess or deficiency of virtues.

11. What was going on during Kant's time which motivated him to construct a secular ethics, as he did?

• During Kant's time, there was a great movement away from religion, which used to be the main source of ethics. He wanted ethics to be rooted in universal, rational principles instead of spiritual ones.

12. For Jacques Ellul, what is the difference between The Sacred and The Holy?

• The Sacred is privilege placed on a thing or community of very high value, like a nation, religion, or tribe. The Holy is privilege placed on humanity and humanness. In Ellul's eyes, the Holy should always trump the Sacred.

1. Ideal Theories: These theories could effectively address ethical questions in a perfect world, but lack essential elements that matter.

2. Consequentialist vs Non-Consequentialist: Consequentialists focus on outcomes (e.g., Utilitarianism), while Non-Consequentialists prioritize actions over goals (e.g., Deontology).

3. Deontology: Kant's theory focuses on duties, emphasizing what one ought to do, independent of goals.

4. Eudaimonia: A state of happiness, translating to "good spirit," achieved through virtue-based activities of the soul.

5. Proponents of Utilitarianism: Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill.

6. Kant on Morality: Morality is grounded in reason or rationality, a trait highly developed in humans.

7. Problem with Kant's Ethics: It lacks flexibility and overlooks consequences (e.g., forbidding lying to save a life).

8. Problem with Utilitarianism: It struggles with weighing diverse preferences and can compromise individual rights for the greater good.

9. Problem with Virtue Ethics: It emphasizes character but lacks guidance on how to make right decisions without rules.

10. Virtue (Arete): Traits needed for the best life, developed through mental training; conversely, vices are the excess or deficiency of virtues.

11. Kant's Secular Ethics Motivation: Driven by a societal shift away from religious ethical sources, seeking universal, rational ethics.

12. Ellul's Sacred vs Holy: The Sacred pertains to high-value entities (e.g., religion, nation), while the Holy values humanity and should take precedence.