Period 4 Reading Guide (Ch. 7-11)

Key Concept 4.1 —The United States began to develop a modern democracy and celebrated a new national culture, while Americans sought to define the nation’s democratic ideals and change their society and institutions to match them.

I. The nation’s transformation to a more participatory democracy was achieved by expanding suffrage from a system based on property ownership to one based on voting by all adult white men, and it was accompanied by the growth of political parties.

Jefferson’s Presidency

Jefferson reduced the size of the military, repealed excise taxes (including the whiskey tax), and lowered national debt

Suspended the Alien and Sedition Acts

Maintained the national bank & neutral foreign policy

Adopted a loser interpretation of the Constitution in order to purchase the Louisiana Territory - strengthened Jefferson’s hopes that the US would be based on an agrarian society of independent farmers

Jefferson feared that foreign control of the river at New Orleans would cause the US to be entangled in European affairs

Marbury v. Madison - John Adams’ midnight judges established the doctrine of judicial review - supreme court could overrule action of the other two branches

Aaron Burr’s Quids - accused Jefferson of abandoning Democratic-Republican principles

British impressment of American sailors & British warship fired on the US Chesapeake which killed three Americans - Anti-British feeling and hurt pride among Americans

In response, Jefferson passed the Embargo Acts in hopes of pressuring the British out of impressment - backfired & bought greater economic hardship to the US

Madison’s Presidency:

Election of 1808 - Federalists gained seats in Congress as a result of the effects of the embargo

Nonintercourse Act - after repeal of the Embargo Acts, Americans could now trade with any nation other than Britain & France

War of 1812 -

British presence on the western frontier & interference with US expansion

British allied with Natives included Tecumseh & his brother who attempted pan-tribal cooperation - taught Natives to differ from American culture

War hawks - young Democratic-Republicanas led by Clay & Calhoun - argued that the only way to defend American honor was to go to war with Britain & destroy Native resistance

New England merchants, quids, and federalist politicians were against the war because they feared losing trading relationships/ exports & sympathized with the British over the French because of commercial interests & religious ties to Protestantism

Quids criticized the war because it opposed Democratic-Republican ideas of limited federal power & the maintenance of peace

War ended with no gain or boundary change for either side

For its opposition to the war & the timeliness of the Hartford Convention the Federalist party came to an end

Afterwards: US gained respect among other nations, Natives forced to cede land, US moved toward industrial self-sufficiency, Jackson emerged as a war hero, nationalism grew stronger

II. While Americans embraced a new national culture, various groups developed distinctive cultures of their own.

Era of Good Feeling

End of partisan division & the Federalist party

Spirit of nationalism & optimism

Democratic-Republican party adopted some Federalist policies

Debates over tariffs, national bank, internal improvements, and public land sales

Sectional tensions over slavery

Monroe represented the growing nationalism of Americans - younger American believed the nation was entering an era of unlimited prosperity

Patriotic themes infused in art, literature, etc.

Monroe’s Presidency:

Congress raised the tariffs in order to protect US manufacturers from European competition

American System -Proposed by Henry Clay Protective tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements, Individual states were left to make internal improvements on their own - Monroe vetoed because he believed the Constitution did not give the federal government power for internal improvements

Panic of 1819 - first major financial panic

caused by the Second Bank tightening credit in an effort to control inflation

Political factions & sectional differences became more prominent

The Missouri Compromise -Congress attempting to preserve a sectional balance between the North & South. Admit Missouri as a slave state, admit Maine as a free state, prohibit slavery North of the latitude 36 degrees. Preserved sectional balance for about 30 years

Americans torn between feelings of nationalism & sectionalism

Treaty of 1811 - improved relations between the US & Britain - established the western US-Canada boundary line

Chaotic conditions of Seminoles in Florida gave Monroe & Jackson an opportunity for military action to gain control of the Florida territory

Florida purchase treaty of 1819 - Spain gave up all it’s land claims to the US except for Texas

Monroe Doctrine - asserted the Western Hemisphere as a US sphere of influence - warned European nations against colonization in the Americas

Later used regarding US foregin policy in Latin America

Marshall Court Cases:

Fletcher v. Peck - state could not pass legislation invalidating a contract

Martin v. Hunter’s Lease - Supreme Court had jurisdiction over state courts in cases involving constitutional rights

Dartmouth College v. Woodward - contract for a private corporation could not be altered by the state

McCulloch v. Maryland - state could not tax a federal institution

Cohens v. Virginia - Supreme court could review a state court’s decision involving any of the powers of the federal government

Gibbons v. Ogden - federal government's broad control of interstate commerce

III. Increasing numbers of Americans, many inspired by new religious and intellectual movements, worked primarily outside of government institutions to advance their ideals.

Second Great Awakening - Religious revivals that swept through the United States in the early 19th century, Reaction against rationalism and calvinist (Puritan) teachings of original sin and predestination

Successful preachers we're audience-centered and easily understood by the uneducated - spoke about the opportunity for salvation for all

On the frontier - Finney appealed to people’s emotions of fear of damnation - every individual could be saved through faith & hard work - appealed mainly to the middle class - located in upstate New York

South/ Western frontiers - Baptist & Methodist preachers (Peter Cartwright) travel to different locations & attract thousands to hear their dramatic preaching at outdoor revivals - by 1850, Baptists & Methodists were the largest Protestant denomination

Mormon church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 in New York - beliefs based on the book of Scripture - forced to move west near the Great Salt Lake in Utah

Second Great Awakening caused division between the new, evangelical sects & the older Protestant churches

Activist religious groups provided the leadership & organized societies that drove many reform movements

Transcendentalism

Romanticism - writers & artists shifted away from Enlightenment emphasis on balance, order, & reason toward feeling, intuition, individual acts of heroism, & the study of nature

Expressed in the United States by transcendentalists

Writers Emerson & Thoreau questioned the doctrines of established churches & business practices of the merchant class - argued for a mystical & intuitive way of thinking as a means for discovering one’s inner self & looking for the essence of God in nature

Supported antislavery movements

Emerson - encouraged a nationalstic spirit of Americans by urging to create a distinctive American culture

Argued for self-reliance, independent thinking, & the primacy or spiritual matters

Thoreau - used observation of nature to discover essential truths about life & the universe

Essys and actions would inspire the nonviolent movements of both Mohandas Gandhi & Martin Luther King Jr.

Brook Farm - people living out transcendentalist ideals in an experimental community

Known for its atmosphere of artistic creativity, innovative school, & appeal to New England’s intellectual elite

Shakers - religious communal movement - kept women & men strictly separate

Amana Colonies - German who belonged to Piestist religious reform movements

New Harmony - non religious experiment by reformer Robert Owen

Oneida Community - dedicated to an ideal of perfect social & economic equality

Fourier Phalanxes - advocated the people share work & housing in communities known as Fourier Phalanxes

Arts & Literature

Painting - portrayed the everyday life of ordinary people

Hudson River School - expressed romantic age’s fascination with the natural world

Architecture - adapted Greek styles to glorify the democratic spirit of the republic

Columed facades on public buildings, banks, hotels, & some private homes

Literature - American people became more eager to read works of American authors about American themes

Reforming Society

Temperance - Because of social ills & high alcohol consumption, reformers & Protestant ministers founded the American Temperance Society

Society tried to persuade drinkers to take a pledge of total abstinence

Washingtonians - argued that alcoholism was a disease that needed treatment

German & Irish immigrants opposed - lacked political power to prevent governments from passing reforms

Humanitarian Reforms - called attention to the increasing number of criminals & emotionally disturbed persons

Reformers proposed setting up new public institutions, mental hospitals, & state-supported prisons

Social reforms to establish free public schools for children of all classes

Many educational reformers wanted children to learn moral principles

Roman Catholics founded private schools for the instruction of Catholic children

Religious enthusiasm of the Second Great Awakening fueled the growth of private colleges

Changing Social Structures

Cult of Domesticity - idealized view of women as moral leaders in the home

Seneca Falls Convention - first women’s rights convention in American history - issued the Declaration of Sentiments & listed women’s grievances

Stanton & Susan B. Anthony led the campaign for equal voting, legal, & property rights for women

In the 1850s, issues of women’s rights was overshadowed by the crisis of slavery

Second Great Awakening led many Christians to view slavery as a sin

William Loyd Garrison - began the radical abolitionist movement - advocated immediate abolition of slavery

Founded the American Antislavery Society

Liberty Party - campagin pledge to bring about the end of slavery by political & legal means

Frederick Douglass - advocated both political & direct action to end slavery & racial prejudice

Nat Turner - led a revolt in which 55 whites were killed

Hundred of African Americans killed to put down revolt

Fear of future uprisings put an end to antislavery talk in the South

Key Concept 4.2 — Innovations in technology, agriculture, and commerce powerfully accelerated the American economy, precipitating profound changes to U.S. society and to national and regional identities.

I. New transportation systems and technologies dramatically expanded manufacturing and agricultural production.

Pennsylvania’s Lancaster Turnpike’s success stimulate the construction of other privately built roads

States’ rights blocked the spending of federal funds on internal improvements

Erie canal - linked the economics of western farms with eastern cities - stimulated canal building in other states

Improved transportation = lower food prices in the East, more immigrants settling in the West, stronger economic ties between the two sections

Commercially operated steamboat lines made round-trip shipping faster & cheaper

Railroads changed small western towns into booming commercial centers & created rapid reliable links between cities

Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793 & devised a system for making rifles with a system of interchangeable parts - basis of mass production methods in Northern factories

1811 - New York passed a tax to make it easier for a business to raise capital by selling shares of stock

Samuel Slater helped establish the first US factory in 1791 - embargo and the War of 1812 stimulated domestic manufacturing

As the factory system expanded, it encouraged the growth of financial businesses such as banking & insurance

Textile mills in Lowell, Massachusetts recruited young women - easy management because the women lived on site - 1830s other factories imitated the Lowell system

Northern manufacturers began to employ immigrants

Unions we're organized in major cities as factory system took hold - specialized jobs/ the craft system could no longer compete with lower-priced, mass-produced goods

Long hours, low pay, & poor working conditions led to discontent among factory workers

Early 1800s - farming became more of a commercial enterprise

Canals and railroads opened new markets

Cotton became more profitable with the invention of the cotton gin - most exports to British textile factories

II. The changes caused by the market revolution had significant effects on U.S. society, workers’ lives, and gender and family relations

Factories caused the standardization of time, most people worked for bosses/ wages, & the end of self-sufficient households

Women gained relatively more control over their lives - still limited by legal restrictions (couldn’t vote)

Gap between the wealthy and the poor grew

Social mobility (moving upward in income level and social status) did occur from one generation to the next - economic opportunities in the US were greater than in Europe

Rapid growth of the cotton industry & the expansion of slavery into new states increased the amount of slaves & ended hopes for a quiet end to slavery

III. Economic development shaped settlement and trade patterns, helping to unify the nation while also encouraging the growth of different regions

North

Connected by transportation routes

Interconnectedness with the west

Economic growth based on commercial farming and industrial innovation

Agriculture was still prominent

Most populous region - high birth rate and increased immigration

Workers dependant on wages organized both unions and local political parties

Improvements for workers limited by periodic depressions, hostile unions, and abundance of cheap labor

Slums expanded

African americans in the north represented 50% of all free African Americans - still faced racial discrimination & no voting rights

Development of thriving cities that served as transfer points for manufactured goods

South

Agriculture foundation of Southern economy

By 1850s - cotton provided two-thirds of all US exports - linked South and Britain

Wealth was measured in terms of land and slaves

In the deep south, slaves made up of 75% of the total population

Southern legislatures added increased restrictions on movement and education to their slave codes

Cotton boom responsible for an increase in slaves

Planter aristocracy maintained power by dominating state legislatures - enacted laws that favored the large landholders’ economic interests

Mountain people

Increasingly isolated and defensive about slavery

Feudal society

West

Land that lay beyond the Mississippi River and reached to California and the Oregon Territory

Vast majority of Natives were living west of the Mississippi River

Nomadic way of lay for many Native tribes - could more easily oppose settlers

In the public eye, the west represented he possibility of a fresh start and greater freedom for all ehtnic groups

Mountain men served as guides and pathfinders for settlers crossing the mountains

Daily life of frontier people was similar to early colonists - diseases and malnutrition were common dangers

Frontier women had short lifespans

Frontier people exhausted soil and cleared forests - little understanding of the fragility of nature and the wildlife

Key Concept 4.3- The U.S. interest in increasing foreign trade and expanding its national borders shaped the nation’s foreign policy and spurred government and private initiatives.

Struggling to create an independent global presence, the United States sought to claim territory throughout the North American continent and promote foreign trade.

Louisiana Purchase allowed US to gain western territory - explored by Lewis & Clark

Congress consistently lowered the price of land to encourage migration

War of 1812 - fought to gain control of Western Territories from British presences

British allied with & armed Natives encouraging resistance of frontier settlers

Adams-Onis treaty acquired Florida from Spain

John Quincy Adams - most important diplomat

negotiated Treaty of Ghent & British-US Canadian border

wrote the Monroe Doctrine as a response to independence movements in Central & South America

Monroe Doctrine and position of neutrality would drive America’s foregin policy into the 20th century

Native American Removal

War of 1812 caused Creeks to cede millions of of acres

Jackson supported Georgian frontier settlers against the Cherokee

Indian Removal Act of 1830 - “asked” Natives east of the Mississippi to move to dedicated land for Native Americans

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia - Cherokee were not a sovereign nation - under the federal government

Worcester v. Georgia - a state had no right to tell the Cherokee what to do - it was a federal matter

Andrew Jackson openly defied the Supreme Court ruling

Trail of Tear resulted in 3,000 Cherokee dying when forced to relocate during winter

“Manifest Destiny” - expressed belief that the United States had a divine mission to extend its power & civilization across North America

Enthusiasm for expansion drives by nationalism, population increase, rapid economic development, technological advances, & reform ideals

Conflicts over Texas, Maine, & Oregon

By 1830, Americans (white farmers & black enslaved people) outnumbered Mexicans in Texas by three to one

1829 - tensions increased when Mexicans outlawed slavery & required all immigrants to convert to Roman Catholicism

When American’s refused, Mexico closes Texas to additional American immigrants

American from Southern states ignored Mexican prohibition

General Antionio Lopez made himself dictator -- American settlers led by Sam Houston revolted & declared Texas to be an independent republic

Sam Hourston captured Mexican general & applied for Texas to be added to the United States as a new state - Jackson & Van Buren put off annexation

John Tyler worked to annex Texas - US senate rejected his treaty of annexation in 1844

Northerners opposed to the annexation of Texas

Aroostook War - conflict between rival groups of lumbermen on the Maine-Canadian border

Conflict resolved in Webster-Ashburton Treaty - disputed territory was split between Maine & British Canada

The US based its claims to Oregon/ Pacific territory on…

Discovery of the Columbia river

Expedition of Lewis & Clark

Fur trading post & fort in Astoria, Oregon

Protestant missionaries & farmers settled in the Willamette Valley in the 1840s - success in farming the fertile valley caused 5,000 Americans to catch “Oregon fever” & travel down the Oregon Trail to settle the area south of the Columbia River

British & American negotiators agreed to divide the Oregon territory at the 49th parallel

War with Mexico

Polk wanted Slidell to…

Persuade Mexico to sell the California & New Mexico territories to the US

Settle the disputed Mexico-Texas border

Mexican army crossed the Rio Grande & captured an American army - killing 11

Congress approved war resolutions

General Stephen Kearney succeeded in taking Santa Fe & southern California

General Winfield Scott’s army succeeded in taking Vera Cruz & then captured Mexico City in 1847

Mexican government was forced agree to US terms

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

Mexico recognized the Rio Grande as the southern border of Texas

United States took possession of California & New Mexico - US paid $15 million & assumed responsibility for any claims of American citizens against Mexico

Acquisition of vast western lands renewed sectional debate over the extension of slavery

Northerners viewed the war with Mexico as part of a Southern plot to extend the “slave power”

Many Southerners we're dissatisfied with the territorial gains from the Mexican war - most eagerly sought possibility was the acquisition of Cuba

The United States’ acquisition of lands in the West gave rise to contests over the extension of slavery into new territories

Cotton gin & opportunity for land expansion that resulted from the Lousiana Purchase & the War of 1812 resulted in the expansion of slavery & the creation of the “Deep South”

Antislavery movements increased in the North

abolitionist such as Douglass

Southern argument - slavery as a “positive good” - the argument that Southerners took better care of enslaved people than the North did of industrial workers

Henry Clay created the Missouri Compromise

Missouri admitted as a slave state, Maine admitted as a free state - no future slavery north of the 36 degree 30’ line - helped to temporarily balance sectionalism between the North and South