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The electromagnetic spectrum has numerous practical uses across various fields:

1. Radio Waves:

   • Used in communication technologies, including AM/FM radio broadcasts and television signals.

2. Microwaves:

   • Employed in microwave ovens for heating food and in radar technology for weather forecasting and air traffic control.

3. Infrared Radiation:

   • Used in thermal imaging cameras, night-vision devices, and remote controls for electronics.

4. Visible Light:

   • Essential for human vision and used in photography, lighting, and plant growth (photosynthesis).

5. Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation:

   • Utilized in sterilization processes, fluorescence in lamps, and the production of vitamin D in the skin.

6. X-rays:

   • Commonly used in medical imaging to visualize bones and internal structures for diagnostics.

7. Gamma Rays:

   • Applied in cancer treatment (radiotherapy) and used in imaging techniques for detecting nuclear materials.

Total internal reflection occurs when a wave, such as light, traveling through a medium hits a boundary at an angle greater than the critical angle, causing it to be completely reflected back into the medium instead of passing through to the other medium. This phenomenon is most commonly observed when light moves from a denser medium (like water) to a less dense medium (like air).

Key Aspects of Total Internal Reflection:

• Critical Angle: The angle of incidence beyond which light cannot pass into the second medium and is instead reflected entirely back. It depends on the refractive indices of both media.

• Applications: Total internal reflection is utilized in optical fibers for communication, where light is kept within the fiber, and in certain types of mirrors and prisms.

1. Radio Waves:

   • Have the longest wavelengths (up to thousands of meters) and are used in communication (radio and television signals).

2. Microwaves:

   • Have shorter wavelengths (1 mm to 1 meter) and are used in microwave ovens and some communication technologies.

3. Infrared Radiation:

   • Wavelengths range from 700 nm to 1 mm; it is experienced as heat and is used in thermal imaging and remote controls.

4. Visible Light:

   • The small part of the spectrum visible to the human eye (approximately 400 to 700 nm). It includes all colors, with red having the longest wavelength and violet the shortest.

5. Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation:

   • Wavelengths range from 10 nm to 400 nm; it is responsible for sunburns and has applications in sterilization and fluorescent lights.

6. X-rays:

   • Have shorter wavelengths (0.01 nm to 10 nm) and are used in medical imaging to view the inside of the body.

7. Gamma Rays:

   • Have the shortest wavelengths (<0.01 nm) and the highest energy; they are produced by nuclear reactions and certain types of radioactive decay.