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AP Bio: Unit 2 Semester 1 FERP
Unit 2: Cell Structure and Function |
Topic | Learning Objective(s) |
Cell Structure: Subcellular Components | Describe the structure and/ or function of subcellular components and organelles. |
Cell Structure and Function | Explain how subcellular components and organelles contribute to the function of the cell. |
Describe the structural features of a cell that allow organisms to capture, store, and use energy | |
Cell Size | Explain the effect of surface area-to-volume ratios on the exchange of materials between cells or organisms and the environment. |
Explain how specialized structures and strategies are used for the efficient exchange of molecules to the environment. | |
Plasma Membranes | Describe the roles of each of the components of the cell membrane in maintaining the internal environment of the cell. |
Describe the Fluid Mosaic Model of cell membranes. | |
Membrane Permeability | Explain how the structure of biological membranes influences selective permeability |
Describe the role of the cell wall in maintaining cell structure and function. | |
Membrane Transport | Describe the mechanisms that organisms use to maintain solute and water balance. |
Describe the mechanisms that organisms use to transport large molecules across the plasma membrane. | |
Facilitated Diffusion | Explain how the structure of a molecule affects its ability to pass through the plasma membrane. |
Tonicity and Osmoregulation | Explain how concentration gradients affect the movement of molecules across membranes. |
Explain how osmoregulatory mechanisms contribute to the health and survival of organisms. | |
Mechanisms of Transport | Describe the processes that allow ions and other molecules to move across membranes. |
Cell Compartmentalization | Describe the membrane-bound structures of the eukaryotic cell. |
Explain how internal membranes and membrane-bound organelles contribute to compartmentalization of eukaryotic cell functions. | |
Origins of Cell Compartmentalization | Describe similarities and/or differences in compartmentalization between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. |
Describe the relationship between the functions of endosymbiotic organelles and their free-living ancestral counterparts. |
Ribosome
What is the structure and function of the ribosome?
How does the ribosome demonstrate a common ancestry of all known life?
Endoplasmic Reticulum
What is the structure and function of the rough ER?
What is the structure and function of the smooth ER?
What is the relationship between the ribosome and the rough ER?
Golgi Bodies/Apparatus/Complex
What is the structure and function of the Golgi?
Mitochondria
What is the structure and function of the mitochondria?
Lysosome
What is the structure and function of the lysosome?
Vacuoles
What is the structure of the vacuole?
What is the function of the food vacuole?
What is the function of the central vacuole?
What is the function of the contractile vacuole?
Chloroplast
What is the structure and function of a chloroplast?
How does the structure of the chloroplast aid in the function?
How does the endoplasmic reticulum provide mechanical support?
How does the endoplasmic reticulum aid in protein synthesis?
How does the endoplasmic reticulum aid in intracellular transport?
How does the lysosome aid in intracellular digestion?
How does the lysosome aid in recycling the cell’s organic materials?
How does the lysosome aid in apoptosis (programmed cell death)?
How does the vacuole assist in storage of macromolecules?
How does the vacuole provide turgor pressure?
What is the structure of the inner membrane (cristae) of the mitochondria?
How does that contribute to the function of the inner membrane (cristae) of the mitochondria?
How is the chloroplast organized?
What is embedded in the chloroplast and how does it aid in the function of the chloroplast?
Where do the light-dependent and light-independent reactions take place?
How does the thylakoid aid in energy capturing?
How does the thylakoid aid in energy storing?
Where does the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) in cellular respiration take place?
Where does the electron transport chain in cellular respiration take place?
Where does the electron transport chain in photosynthesis take place?
Where is ATP synthesized in cellular respiration?
Where is ATP synthesized in photosynthesis?
How does surface area to volume ratio affect the size of the cell?
What type of surface area to volume ratio is most favorable for cells?
Calculate the surface areas for the following “cells”:
Shape of “cell” | Surface Area |
Sphere with a radius of 2 | |
Cube with a side length of 3 | |
Rectangular solid with dimensions of 2 x 3 x 4 | |
Cylinder with a radius of 2 and height of 4 |
Calculate the volumes for the following “cells”:
Shape of “cell” | Volume |
Sphere with a radius of 2 | |
Cube with a side length of 3 | |
Rectangular solid with dimensions of 2 x 3 x 4 | |
Cylinder with a radius of 2 and height of 4 |
Calculate the surface area to volume ratio for the following “cells”
Shape of “cell” | Surface Area to Volume |
Sphere with a radius of 2 | |
Cube with a side length of 3 | |
Rectangular solid with dimensions of 2 x 3 x 4 | |
Cylinder with a radius of 2 and height of 4 |
Which “cell” from above would be the most efficient? Justify.
How does an increase of surface area affect the increase in volume?
How can a cell increase surface area without increasing the volume?
How can an increase in surface affect heat exchange?
Identify and describe two examples of specialized surfaces for exchanging materials with the surrounding environment.
Identify and describe two examples of strategies that organisms use to obtain nutrients and eliminate wastes.
What are the components of the cell membrane?
How do each of the above components function in the cell membrane?
Describe the orientation of the components for the structure of the phospholipid.
Based on the following internal and external conditions of the cell, how would the phospholipid molecules be oriented? (Note: aqueous means that it contains water)
Internal conditions | External condition | Describe or draw the orientation of the phospholipid molecule(s) |
Aqueous | Aqueous | |
Nonaqueous | Aqueous | |
Aqueous | Nonaqueous | |
Nonaqueous | Nonaqueous |
How does the phospholipid bilayer maintain the internal environment of a cell?
What are the different types of membrane proteins?
Describe six functions of membrane proteins.
How does the polarity of the membrane protein affect its orientation in the membrane?
How does the membrane protein maintain the internal environment of a cell?
Define the fluid mosaic model.
What is the function of steroids in the plasma membrane?
What is the function of glycoproteins in the plasma membrane?
What is the function of glycolipids in the plasma membrane?
What types of materials can easily pass through the membrane?
Identify two examples.
Why does this type of material easily pass through the membrane?
What types of materials require a protein to pass through the membrane?
Identify two examples.
Why does this type of material require a protein to pass through the membrane?
True or False? Any molecule can use any transport protein.
What types of materials require a vesicle for export or a food vacuole for import?
Identify two examples.
Why does this type of material require bulk transport?
Where are plasma membranes found in a cell?
What types of cells have a cell wall?
How does the cell wall maintain cell structure?
How does the cell wall protect the cell from hypotonic solutions?
How do materials pass through the cell wall?
What composes the cell wall of a plant?
What composes the cell wall of a fungus?
What composes the cell wall of a prokaryote?
What is passive transport?
Identify two examples of passive transport?
What is active transport?
Identify two examples of active transport.
What is required for active transport?What is a concentration gradient?
How is a concentration gradient maintained?
What causes a concentration gradient?
What is endocytosis?
Describe the three types of endocytosis.
Identify an example of a material that would require endocytosis.
How are the food materials brought in by endocytosis digested?
What is exocytosis?
Identify an example of a material that would require exocytosis.
How do charged molecules or ions pass through the membrane?
How do large polar molecules pass through the membrane?
How do small amounts of water pass through the membrane?
Note: Be careful on this answer
How do large amounts of water pass through the membrane?
How do the passage of ions affect the membrane potential?
What is required for active transport?
How is a concentration gradient established and maintained?
What is the function of an ATPase?
How does the Na+/K+ ATPase maintain the membrane potential?
What does it mean if a solution is hypotonic?
What does it mean if a solution is hypertonic?
What does it mean if a solution is isotonic?
Using the following chart, determine which direction the water will flow and the result to the cell.
Intracellular Environment | Extracellular Environment | Direction of Water Flow | Result to the Cell |
Hypotonic | Hypertonic | ||
Isotonic | Isotonic | ||
Hypertonic | Hypotonic |
What is water potential?
How does it explain the direction of water movement?
Calculate the water potential of the following solutions.
Cell | ΨP | Ψs | Ψ |
A | 0.0 MPa | -0.2 MPa | |
B | 0.8 MPa | -0.4 MPa |
Which direction will water flow based on the information in question 7? Justify.
What is homeostasis?
What is osmoregulation?
Identify two ways that the cell completes osmoregulation.
Which direction would water flow if one solution A is 0.5 M and solution B is 0.2 M?
Which direction would water flow if one solution A is 0.3 M and solution B is 0.6 M?
Calculate the solute potential of the following sucrose solutions at 25 degrees Celsius.
Solution | i | C | R | T | Ψs |
Intracellular | 0.5 M | ||||
Extracellular | 0.2 M |
Assuming a pressure potential of 0.0 MPa, which direction will water flow based on the information provided in question 15? Justify.
Calculate the solute potential of the following NaCl solutions at 27 degrees Celsius.
Solution | i | C | R | T | Ψs |
Intracellular | 0.3 M | ||||
Extracellular | 0.6 M |
Assuming a pressure potential of 0.0 MPa, which direction will water flow based on the information provided in question 17? Justify.
How does the membrane of organelles allow for specific processes to take place?
Identify two examples of processes that could not take place without the use of a membrane.
How does the membrane of organelles allow for enzymatic processes to take place?
How do membrane-bound organelles allow for compartmentalization of the cell and its functions.?
What is the function of the inner membrane folding in the mitochondria?
What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum’s folded membrane?
What is the function of thylakoid membranes in the chloroplast?
What is the function of the multiple membranes and sacs found in the Golgi?
Identify three similarities between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.
Identify three differences between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.
How is a prokaryotic cell compartmentalized?
How is a eukaryotic cell compartmentalized?
What is the endosymbiotic theory?
How did membrane bound organelles originate in eukaryotic cells?
Identify three pieces of evidence for endosymbiotic theory by identifying three similarities between mitochondria and the ancestral species.
Identify three pieces of evidence for endosymbiotic theory by identifying three similarities between chloroplasts and the ancestral species.
AP Bio: Unit 2 Semester 1 FERP
Unit 2: Cell Structure and Function |
Topic | Learning Objective(s) |
Cell Structure: Subcellular Components | Describe the structure and/ or function of subcellular components and organelles. |
Cell Structure and Function | Explain how subcellular components and organelles contribute to the function of the cell. |
Describe the structural features of a cell that allow organisms to capture, store, and use energy | |
Cell Size | Explain the effect of surface area-to-volume ratios on the exchange of materials between cells or organisms and the environment. |
Explain how specialized structures and strategies are used for the efficient exchange of molecules to the environment. | |
Plasma Membranes | Describe the roles of each of the components of the cell membrane in maintaining the internal environment of the cell. |
Describe the Fluid Mosaic Model of cell membranes. | |
Membrane Permeability | Explain how the structure of biological membranes influences selective permeability |
Describe the role of the cell wall in maintaining cell structure and function. | |
Membrane Transport | Describe the mechanisms that organisms use to maintain solute and water balance. |
Describe the mechanisms that organisms use to transport large molecules across the plasma membrane. | |
Facilitated Diffusion | Explain how the structure of a molecule affects its ability to pass through the plasma membrane. |
Tonicity and Osmoregulation | Explain how concentration gradients affect the movement of molecules across membranes. |
Explain how osmoregulatory mechanisms contribute to the health and survival of organisms. | |
Mechanisms of Transport | Describe the processes that allow ions and other molecules to move across membranes. |
Cell Compartmentalization | Describe the membrane-bound structures of the eukaryotic cell. |
Explain how internal membranes and membrane-bound organelles contribute to compartmentalization of eukaryotic cell functions. | |
Origins of Cell Compartmentalization | Describe similarities and/or differences in compartmentalization between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. |
Describe the relationship between the functions of endosymbiotic organelles and their free-living ancestral counterparts. |
Ribosome
What is the structure and function of the ribosome?
How does the ribosome demonstrate a common ancestry of all known life?
Endoplasmic Reticulum
What is the structure and function of the rough ER?
What is the structure and function of the smooth ER?
What is the relationship between the ribosome and the rough ER?
Golgi Bodies/Apparatus/Complex
What is the structure and function of the Golgi?
Mitochondria
What is the structure and function of the mitochondria?
Lysosome
What is the structure and function of the lysosome?
Vacuoles
What is the structure of the vacuole?
What is the function of the food vacuole?
What is the function of the central vacuole?
What is the function of the contractile vacuole?
Chloroplast
What is the structure and function of a chloroplast?
How does the structure of the chloroplast aid in the function?
How does the endoplasmic reticulum provide mechanical support?
How does the endoplasmic reticulum aid in protein synthesis?
How does the endoplasmic reticulum aid in intracellular transport?
How does the lysosome aid in intracellular digestion?
How does the lysosome aid in recycling the cell’s organic materials?
How does the lysosome aid in apoptosis (programmed cell death)?
How does the vacuole assist in storage of macromolecules?
How does the vacuole provide turgor pressure?
What is the structure of the inner membrane (cristae) of the mitochondria?
How does that contribute to the function of the inner membrane (cristae) of the mitochondria?
How is the chloroplast organized?
What is embedded in the chloroplast and how does it aid in the function of the chloroplast?
Where do the light-dependent and light-independent reactions take place?
How does the thylakoid aid in energy capturing?
How does the thylakoid aid in energy storing?
Where does the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) in cellular respiration take place?
Where does the electron transport chain in cellular respiration take place?
Where does the electron transport chain in photosynthesis take place?
Where is ATP synthesized in cellular respiration?
Where is ATP synthesized in photosynthesis?
How does surface area to volume ratio affect the size of the cell?
What type of surface area to volume ratio is most favorable for cells?
Calculate the surface areas for the following “cells”:
Shape of “cell” | Surface Area |
Sphere with a radius of 2 | |
Cube with a side length of 3 | |
Rectangular solid with dimensions of 2 x 3 x 4 | |
Cylinder with a radius of 2 and height of 4 |
Calculate the volumes for the following “cells”:
Shape of “cell” | Volume |
Sphere with a radius of 2 | |
Cube with a side length of 3 | |
Rectangular solid with dimensions of 2 x 3 x 4 | |
Cylinder with a radius of 2 and height of 4 |
Calculate the surface area to volume ratio for the following “cells”
Shape of “cell” | Surface Area to Volume |
Sphere with a radius of 2 | |
Cube with a side length of 3 | |
Rectangular solid with dimensions of 2 x 3 x 4 | |
Cylinder with a radius of 2 and height of 4 |
Which “cell” from above would be the most efficient? Justify.
How does an increase of surface area affect the increase in volume?
How can a cell increase surface area without increasing the volume?
How can an increase in surface affect heat exchange?
Identify and describe two examples of specialized surfaces for exchanging materials with the surrounding environment.
Identify and describe two examples of strategies that organisms use to obtain nutrients and eliminate wastes.
What are the components of the cell membrane?
How do each of the above components function in the cell membrane?
Describe the orientation of the components for the structure of the phospholipid.
Based on the following internal and external conditions of the cell, how would the phospholipid molecules be oriented? (Note: aqueous means that it contains water)
Internal conditions | External condition | Describe or draw the orientation of the phospholipid molecule(s) |
Aqueous | Aqueous | |
Nonaqueous | Aqueous | |
Aqueous | Nonaqueous | |
Nonaqueous | Nonaqueous |
How does the phospholipid bilayer maintain the internal environment of a cell?
What are the different types of membrane proteins?
Describe six functions of membrane proteins.
How does the polarity of the membrane protein affect its orientation in the membrane?
How does the membrane protein maintain the internal environment of a cell?
Define the fluid mosaic model.
What is the function of steroids in the plasma membrane?
What is the function of glycoproteins in the plasma membrane?
What is the function of glycolipids in the plasma membrane?
What types of materials can easily pass through the membrane?
Identify two examples.
Why does this type of material easily pass through the membrane?
What types of materials require a protein to pass through the membrane?
Identify two examples.
Why does this type of material require a protein to pass through the membrane?
True or False? Any molecule can use any transport protein.
What types of materials require a vesicle for export or a food vacuole for import?
Identify two examples.
Why does this type of material require bulk transport?
Where are plasma membranes found in a cell?
What types of cells have a cell wall?
How does the cell wall maintain cell structure?
How does the cell wall protect the cell from hypotonic solutions?
How do materials pass through the cell wall?
What composes the cell wall of a plant?
What composes the cell wall of a fungus?
What composes the cell wall of a prokaryote?
What is passive transport?
Identify two examples of passive transport?
What is active transport?
Identify two examples of active transport.
What is required for active transport?What is a concentration gradient?
How is a concentration gradient maintained?
What causes a concentration gradient?
What is endocytosis?
Describe the three types of endocytosis.
Identify an example of a material that would require endocytosis.
How are the food materials brought in by endocytosis digested?
What is exocytosis?
Identify an example of a material that would require exocytosis.
How do charged molecules or ions pass through the membrane?
How do large polar molecules pass through the membrane?
How do small amounts of water pass through the membrane?
Note: Be careful on this answer
How do large amounts of water pass through the membrane?
How do the passage of ions affect the membrane potential?
What is required for active transport?
How is a concentration gradient established and maintained?
What is the function of an ATPase?
How does the Na+/K+ ATPase maintain the membrane potential?
What does it mean if a solution is hypotonic?
What does it mean if a solution is hypertonic?
What does it mean if a solution is isotonic?
Using the following chart, determine which direction the water will flow and the result to the cell.
Intracellular Environment | Extracellular Environment | Direction of Water Flow | Result to the Cell |
Hypotonic | Hypertonic | ||
Isotonic | Isotonic | ||
Hypertonic | Hypotonic |
What is water potential?
How does it explain the direction of water movement?
Calculate the water potential of the following solutions.
Cell | ΨP | Ψs | Ψ |
A | 0.0 MPa | -0.2 MPa | |
B | 0.8 MPa | -0.4 MPa |
Which direction will water flow based on the information in question 7? Justify.
What is homeostasis?
What is osmoregulation?
Identify two ways that the cell completes osmoregulation.
Which direction would water flow if one solution A is 0.5 M and solution B is 0.2 M?
Which direction would water flow if one solution A is 0.3 M and solution B is 0.6 M?
Calculate the solute potential of the following sucrose solutions at 25 degrees Celsius.
Solution | i | C | R | T | Ψs |
Intracellular | 0.5 M | ||||
Extracellular | 0.2 M |
Assuming a pressure potential of 0.0 MPa, which direction will water flow based on the information provided in question 15? Justify.
Calculate the solute potential of the following NaCl solutions at 27 degrees Celsius.
Solution | i | C | R | T | Ψs |
Intracellular | 0.3 M | ||||
Extracellular | 0.6 M |
Assuming a pressure potential of 0.0 MPa, which direction will water flow based on the information provided in question 17? Justify.
How does the membrane of organelles allow for specific processes to take place?
Identify two examples of processes that could not take place without the use of a membrane.
How does the membrane of organelles allow for enzymatic processes to take place?
How do membrane-bound organelles allow for compartmentalization of the cell and its functions.?
What is the function of the inner membrane folding in the mitochondria?
What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum’s folded membrane?
What is the function of thylakoid membranes in the chloroplast?
What is the function of the multiple membranes and sacs found in the Golgi?
Identify three similarities between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.
Identify three differences between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.
How is a prokaryotic cell compartmentalized?
How is a eukaryotic cell compartmentalized?
What is the endosymbiotic theory?
How did membrane bound organelles originate in eukaryotic cells?
Identify three pieces of evidence for endosymbiotic theory by identifying three similarities between mitochondria and the ancestral species.
Identify three pieces of evidence for endosymbiotic theory by identifying three similarities between chloroplasts and the ancestral species.
NoteStudied by 475 peopleNoteStudied by 9 peopleNoteStudied by 117 peopleNoteStudied by 24 peopleNoteStudied by 10 peopleNoteStudied by 31 people