HIST 2112- EXAM TWO NOTES

The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

• Introduction: the many targets of nativism

  •  The fear of immigrants 

    • Come in a compete for jobs 

    • Depress wages 

    • Religious difference 

    • Political fears- anti-capitalist ideas 

• Why Chinese immigration? 

  • Push and pull factors

  • Pull factors 

    • Pull is economic factors 

    • Religious is not as much of a factor 

  • European imperialism- Push factors

    • Extract resources from china and sell things to them 

    • Collaborate with them

    • Establish themselves in chinese port cities (Shanghai)

    • Chinese feel exploited 

    • Wherever there is imperialism, there is inevitably people who rebel against the imperialists 

    • Chinese resistance is fought with european military power 

  • Opium

    • British sell heroin and opium to the chinese 

    • Chinese drug addiction increases 

  • civil unrest

  • The Gold Rush (1849) 

    • The lure of wealth 

      • Many immigrants come to the US to find gold 

    • White gold miners’ fears 

      • Accept any wages- work for practically nothing 

      • Depresses wages for other 

      • Cultural and religious differences 

      • The “new slavery” argument 

        • California working Man’s party 

          • Political group that fears chinese immigrants economic impact on american workers 

        • “New slavery” 

          • They will put so much pressure to lower wages for everyone else that it’ll be like we’re enslaved 

            • Argument kind worked in a post-civil war period 

      • Governor John Bigler and exclusion

        • Exclude the chinese from california 

• Railroads and immigration 

  • Cheap and reliable labor for the transcontinental railroad 

    • Gold ran out and chinese started working on railroads 

    • Employ lot of chinese laborers 

      • But were not allowed to be featured in success stories about the transcontinental railroad

    • Businesses loved chinese labor because it was cheap

  • The Burlingame Treaty (1868) 

    • Treaty with the chinese 

    • Set up and encouraged chinese immigration for the purpose of labor

    • Not everyone was happy about this treaty 

    • 1870s Anti-Chinese sentiments rise 

• After the rails: Anti-Chinese nativism in earnest

  • Chinese as sharecroppers? 

    • Some thought best idea was to send the chinese to the south to georgia in order to turn them into slaves here (didn't happen)

  • Labor’s fears of Chinese immigrants 

    • Labor unions 

      • Knights of labor accept nearly anyone except chinese immigrants

  • Other immigrant’s responses 

    • Immigrants used nativism against other immigrants 

      • Good immigrants and bad immigrants 

      • Polish immigrants would say we are white at least we aren't chinese 

  • The Page Act of 1875

    • First ever immigration at the federal level 

    • Limited chinese women from coming in- said they were prostitutes 

    • Limiting women would make men leave 

• The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 

  • Bans immigration from china completely 

    • Except specific government officials 

    • Denies citizenship to ALL chinese immigrants and to anyone born in the US but with Chinese heritage 

  • “Permission” for violence 

    •  Purges in Tacoma, WA, Eureka, CA, and Rock Springs, WY

    • Mob attacks in the wake of exclusion 

    • Parallels with race in the American South 

• Fighting back 

  • Lawsuits and the 14th Amendment 

    • Yick Wo. V. Hopkins (1886) 

      • Many chinese were involved in the laundry industry 

      • All laundry that are made out of wood need and permit the ones of brick do not

      • They need a permit to function but they get the permit they are denied 

      • Only white people can get a permit 

      • Yick Wo took the case to supreme court and they said it was a violation of chinese rights to own and run a business 

    • Resisting photo IDs

      • Wanted to chinese to carry photo ids on them at all times but they pushed back against this

    • United States v. Wong Kim Ark (1898) and “birthright citizenship”

      • Wong kim ark was born in san fran and grew up parent went back to china went to visit them in china and he came back to san fran and wasn't allowed to get back in because he is chinese 

      • Supreme court ruled that he is a citizen through the 14th amendment 

• Extending the Exclusion Act 

  • Angel Island (1910-40) 

    • Equivalent to Ellis island 

    • Held for a couple weeks before deported back 

  • Immigration Act of 1924

    • Anti immigration feelings were at their height 

    • Ban all asians 

• The End: World War II and the Immigration Act of 1965   

  • No immigration in america until 1965  

Taking the Edge off Industrialism: The Era of Progressive Reform

• Beginning of Progressivism- BIG MOVEMENT

  • The angel of progressive reform- angel painting 

    • Taking child away from the saloon, protecting it from the saloon 

• The middle-class response to “Industrial chaos” 

  • These are the people who benefited from industrialism 

  • But they also had problems with it 

  • Because of their middle classness and relative wealth, they make a lot of reform possible 

    • Some that the populists wanted, but couldn't get elected 

    • It is going to be these progressives who get elected

• Progressive Characteristics 

  • Big movement, involves lots of different people 

  • Usually (not always) white, middle class, professional, female 

    • There also is a black progressive movement

    • These people are usually businessmen, lawyers, etc- in the profession

    • Role of women was very important during this era 

      • Lots of “reformed” political activity 

  • Often deeply committed Christians

    • When slavery goes away, the reform/religiously driven desire to fix things goes to different directions 

    • Faith called you to go into the world to fix things; just like people, societies could be saved 

      • Industry 

      • They are reformers (they are not anti-capitalist)

  • Five major agenda 

    • Scientific efficiency 

      • They love science 

      • Science is the key

      • Social sciences- sociology, econ, political

      • Science will fix everything 

      • Experts can help save us from the problems of industrialism 

    • Political reform 

      • Progressives want a clean government 

      • No nepotism, hated tammany hall, and New York  

      • Believe that Scientific expertise can clean up government 

      • Hated mayors, wanted city managers 

        • Someone trained in bureaucracy 

      • Fans of civil service reform 

    • Economic reform 

      • Don't like monopolies 

    • Social justice 

      • Modern phrase 

      • Interested in civil rights 

      • Religion was particularly important 

    • Faith in government 

      • Firmly believe that government is a powerful useful tool for change 

      • They try to reform everything 

• Three Progressive Stories 

  • Settlement houses- Hull House, etc.

    • Hull house (does not exist anymore, maybe) 

    • Community center built in an immigrant neighborhood 

    • 400 of them 

    • Idea started in england 

    • They supply all kinds of assistance to immigrants 

    • Offered classes and education 

    • Almost always women, they were the majority of staff- founded by Jane Adams 

    • Alice hamilton engaged in a campaign to eliminate industrialism toxins 

    • The good Side- sincerity, increased female political activism, suffrage

      • Suffrage has a lot of support in the progressive movement 

    • The Bad Side- condescending? Self-serving? 

      • Little girls were taught how to cook- Right way and wrong way to cook, here's how middle class americans cook, teaching people how to be americans

      • They learnt patriotic songs 

      • Women at this time don't even have full political rights

      • Jane Adams: “ I am not doing politics, I am just a woman” “municipal housekeeping” in Chicago

  • President Teddy Roosevelt

    • Love industrialism, but concerned about concentrated wealth 

    • Becomes progressive president 

    • Eventually gets kicked out of the republican party for being too aggressive/progressive

    • “Trust Busting”  

    • “Conservation” of natural resources, “preservation” of wilderness

      • One of the most important environmentalist president 

      • Industrialism was damaging to the environment 

      • Fear that we were going to run out of resources 

      • Have a timber famine 

      • Get scientific expertise to get together for the government to fix things 

      • Universities should train students to manage resources 

        • Managed forests of government land after college 

      • Any government that manages the environment were put into place by progressives 

      • Needed places to get away, offer spiritual benefits from nature and the environment, national parks; preserves beautiful landscapes 

  • Prohibition (1918-1933) 

    • The long history of American drinking to excess 

      • Average american would drink 6 gallons of liquor a year 

    • The Anti-Saloon League and the Women’s Christian Temperance Union 

      • Opposed to alcohol

      • Most immigrants coming from poland, russia—> they drink a lot 

        • Take away their alcohol away in order to assimilate them 

      • Carrie Nation- all nations welcome except carry

    • Temperance: “ assimilation” and anti-radicalism 

The Eagle Abroad: Democracy in the Age of Imperialism 

• America during the Age of Imperialism: From Colony to Colonizer 

  • Imperialism: practice of extending influence and power outside of borders of your own country, extract things from it

  • Extract resources from place and turn around and sell stuff to the people that live in the colony 

  • Economic relationship 

  • There is resistance wherever there is Imperialism 

    • The U.S.

  • When America goes from colony to colonizer? 

    • Can a true democracy colonize other people without ruining democracy and becoming a hypocrite 

• Europe’s Imperial Heyday 

  • Late 1800 to 1950s (industrial period through WWII)

  • Put much of the world into an imperial relationship with them 

  • No placed in africa that wasn't dominated by european imperialism 

• Why American Imperialism?

  • Much of imperialism is economic  

  • Access to markets 

    • Sell products to China 

  • Power and Prestige 

    • America should have the kinda power and prestige that other europeans have 

    • Americans believe certain places should belong to them 

      • Like the caribbean (area of special interests) 

    • Manifest Destiny related to the prestige idea 

      • Imperialism was the logical next step in manifest destiny and westward expansion 

  • Cultural Ideas 

    • Social Darwinism 

    • Race and Christianity

    • Spreading Democracy 

    • Masculinity- Hoganson’s Fighting for American Manhood 

      • Crisis of manhood 

        • Industrialism and economic success had made them weak 

        • Those that fought in the war before them were “real men” 

        • Working in an office made them soft 

        • They need a good war or imperial adventure to toughen them up

        • Motivated in the anxiety that industrialism left in men 

  • Imperialism as Assimilation?

    • All the good colonies are taken

    • The spanish have lost most of their colonies 

      • Puerto rico, cuba (in our backyard so it's our right) , and the philippines (close to china)

      • Cuba 

        • Spanish were fighting against the cuba libre movement, tried to kick the spanish out 

        • Americans are sympathetic towards the cubans 

• The Spanish- American War (1898) 

  • Quick war 

  • Teddy Rosevelt quits job to fight in the war

  • Army in 1898 was small and not as powerful 

    • Took 5 days to land U.S. troops due to not fighting in a war in a while 

  • We conquer cuba- 1st colony 

  • We get puerto rico and philippines 

  • Two key events- 

    • De Lome Letter 

      • Early 1890 

      • Letter written by two Spanish officials in Cuba, stolen by Cuban spy and given to the U.S.

      • Wanted war over this letter- honor was soiled 

    • The Maine explosion 

      • USSMaine blows up in Cuba 

      • Send the Navy to send a message 

      • Boiler explosion- but looked like an act of terrorism  

• Anti-imperialist Feelings 

  • Violation of our political beliefs 

  • We can't become the british and tell people what to do 

  • Teller Amendment 

    • Was passed and signed by president 

    • If we do go to war with spain we will give cuba their independence, and not hold them as a colony

  • Anti-Imperial League 

    • Mark twain was involved 

    • Cannot tell adults how to live their lives 

    • “Are you sure they are adults” 

      • cuban , puerto rico, philippines people were displayed in cartoons as children who need guidance and intervention  

  • Anti-imperials angered by Platt Amendment 

    • Seven sections of it 

    • Cubans were forced to put it in amendment 

    • Cubans were free but they had to give us some of guantanamo bay, foreign policy is overseen by US, in the event that your govt doesn’t make progress in democracy we can replace them with one that will

    • Law in cuba till 1934  

  • Philippines- bought for $20 million 

    • Give people money it makes it morally okay 

    • Under american control until 1946 

• What is an American now? The Insular Cases 

  • Invade someone and conquer them. Does that mean they are Americans now? 

    • Are you American, yea but… 

    • Should puerto rico become a state or not

• Philippines- America as the new Spain? 

  • Americans were not leaving 

  • We fought the philippines 

  • Went to fighting spanish to figuring us 

  • Small war basically know knew about it 

A Piedmont Pandemic: The 1918-1919 Influenza Epidemic in Athens 

• The “Spanish Flu” in global context 

  • Origins 

    • Not limited to spain; global 

    • Born in Finland in 1830 you would live on average till 35 years old 

    • Dip in life expectancy in 1918 to 1919

    • 50 million dead but more like 100 million dead 

    • The Role of WWI

      • Creates a movement of people 

      • Stuck in close corners (recipes for a disease) 

      • Started in Fort Riley kansas 

      • Victims would turns blue- drown in their own mucus and blood 

      • Ran out of coffins in the US

  • Three Waves 

    • October and january of 1918 and 1919

    • They come in waves 

    • June and july 1918 exploded in europe 5,000 deaths 

    • 650,000 people died in America

  • The W-shaped mortality curve 

    • Don't want to be really young or really old (more susceptible) 

    • Want to be ages 5 to 35 

    • In 1918 

      • People ages 25 to 40 were dying from this disease 

• The history of epidemics in Athens 

  • Number one epidemic smallpox

  • The ecology of segregation 

    • Athens is profoundly segregated 

    • Most black men are employed

    • 67% of black women worked as domestic servants for white families (maids, laundry) 

    • White people believed the domestic help was bringing in these disease 

    • If you were wealthy and you got smallpox you could stay in your house as long as you had a bodyguard to wave people away, if you couldn't afford this you were put into the pest house

    • West athens school was a segregated school 

      • Wanted to offer women classes to teach them how to be more hygienic while cooking 

  • Disease and race 

    • Black people weren't sicker than white people 

    • Sanborn fire insurance maps 

      • Tell you state of racial segregation

      • Black people live in 1 of 13 segregated areas (Linnentown) 

      • Area really low, badly drain, on hillside, inconveniently located—> black neighborhood 

      • Milledge was rich and wealthy neighborhoods, leveled 

• The Flu Comes to Athens 

  • Approach and arrival 

    • News is suppressed 

    • Warning from the Red Cross

      • Marie lastraught- leader of red cross 

      • Stop all war work 

      • Made 10,000 masks 

  • “October is the cruelest month” 

    • The city’s response 

      • First case shows up and its among uga students 

        • Quarantine them in peabody hall 

        • At the time it was all men in ROTC

        • Epidemic is off and running

      • They started to close everything down 

      • UGA was close for a month, churches and stores were closed 

      • Anti-spitting ordinance 

      • Sam Warner, 17 year old high school, buried in the jewish section of the oconee hill, reported first victim in athens , technically the fourth victim 

      • She was actually the first victim was a 48 year black women named annie walker 

      • Reports on status of people in athens that had influenza, 

      • 30,000 people who had the flu in athens 

  • Second wave 

  • An epidemic ends 

    • By march its gone

• Analyzing the results 

  • Raw number and the problem of records 

    • 84 people died from disease 

    • Average age 34 

    • Gone as quick as it came 

  • “Guestimates” 

  • COVID-19: Everything old is new again? 

Consumerism and Conservatism: Modernism and the Twenties 

• The Twenties and the “Return to Normalcy” 

  • An age of conflict- urban vs. rural, “new” vs. “old,” modernists vs. traditionalists 

    • 1920w is full of conflict 

    • 40 years of economic growth and technological change- this changes the culture 

    • Economic growth produces social change 

    • One of the first decades where we realize”modernity” 

    • The modern world was emerging 

    • Modern world- cities and technology 

    • To others, it is scary and immoral 

• An Economic Snapshot of the 1920s 

  • 250% growth in GDP over 10 years

  • Benefits most people 

    • White person or white collar do really well 

  • Farming is suffering economically 

    • Overproduction was a big problem that came out of WWI

    • It can be argued that the depression had already started in 1921

    • Leave farms to get jobs in factories 

    • A lot of environmental damage 

  • Money in pocket= consumer 

• The  End of Progressivism 

  • Calvin Coolidge: a Puritan in Babylon 

    • 1924-1928 as president; does not run for reelection 

    • Very 19th century guy, called silent cal 

    • He was unbelievably modern- champion of industrial capitalism 

    • Capitalism is NOT traditional; embraces change, looks for innovation 

    • Tension between old and new 

• The Rise of Consumerism

  • To be american is to consume 

  • The automobile- a consumer item, not a necessity, but hard to live without 

    • Great consumer item 

  • Henry Ford

    • Model T4- created by Henry Ford (anti-semite)

      • Born in a small farm, famous as an inventor, master of the assembly line (an efficient way to produce cars) 

    • $5 a day which was good money back then 

    • River rouge factory

      • Had a deep nostalgia for the past

        • Greenfield village- recreated 19th century village, no cars allowed, see how life used to be before industrialism 

    • Walt Disney- loved the past 

  • Advertising 

    • Someone has to convince you that you need an item 

    • First time ever billboards are a thing

  • “Celebrity culture” 

    • Movies are a major thing 

    • Originally they didn't have sound now they do 

    • Rudoph Valentino- the first movie star 

    • Advertisers played to the prejudice of the time

    • Comedians- Charlie Chaplin (OG Mr. Bean), critic of industrialism 

    • Louise Brooks- silent film star, very modern look 

    • Suffragists-radical feminist, stereotypical grandmother 

    • Babe Ruth- baseball celeb

    • Amy seville mcpherson- famous priest, reenacted biblical stories in a broadway fashion  

    • Era where male order catalogs became a thing 

    • Montgomery ward and Sears (now bankrupt)

    • Sears would send you a catalog with every single thing that they own 

      • You would write the item number and the amount of items you want with cash and send it off 

      • They didn't ask questions so anyone could purchase items 

      • You could buy house parts in Sears catalogs 

• A culture of Conformity? 

  • Consumerism as freedom and “assimilating force” 

    • Consumerism assimilates people 

    • Many people are not thrilled with materialism 

  • Consumerism as shallow materialism 

    • Sinclair Lewis and Babbitt (1924) 

      • An exploration of George babbitt, a real estate salesman, only interest is consumption, wants a nice car, nice house, nice everything 

      • Boring suburban man 

      • There's something wrong but he can't figure out what it is 

      • Expectation for cleanliness in America rises 

• Women and the Consumer Lifestyle 

  • “Women’s work” 

    • Everything must be clean 

    • Women’s lives are harder now 

    • Middle class thing 

  • Consumerism and the tyranny of housework 

  • The “New Woman” 

    • Single women are more common and moving into the workforce 

      • Flappers become a thing 

    • Women have a boy cut, wearing makeup, showing leg= very scandalous 

    • Zelda fitzgerald

    • Image versus Truth? 

• The “New Negro”: African-Americans and Modernity 

  • Black community was split 

  • Musicians and artist in NYC modernity was great 

  • Harlem Renaissance

    • Poets, writers

    • Langston hughes 

    • Louis armstrong

    • Nothing like jazz have ever came around before  

  • African american flappers

  • Argue for pride in blackness

• Backlash against Modernism- Fundamentalism and the KKK

  • Fundamentalism- a religious reaction against consumerism and modernism

    • Revival of religion 

    • Changing world looking for something that's not changing 

    • A rock in which you can stand in the midst of chaos 

    • Big explosion of membership

  • The “New” Ku Klux Klan 

    • 2nd version of the Klan 

    • Dedicated to rolling change back 

    • Force against modernity 

    • They don't like flappers, immigrants, catholics, jews

    • Embodyment over a lot of the anxiety of change 

    • Anti-modern group 

    • Evolution debate is not about evolution but about change 

Progressivism Reborn: The New Deal 

• Franklin Delano Roosevelt- American Savior, American Satan?

  • Most important president throughout this lecture 

  • Loved him or hated him 

  • Was one of the most popular presidents

    • Especially in Georgia 

    • Got an honorary doctorate at UGA 

  • Had polio- couldn't walk was wheelchair bound 

    • People didn't know he had polio at the time 

  • Federal government was not a presence in your everyday lives until the Great depression 

    • What is the role of the federal government in people's lives?

  • Liberalism- influence by roosevelt, government is a powerful tool for change 

  • Roosevelt is not a conservative but a liberal 

• Hoover and the Depression- the laissez-faire approach 

  • The collapse of the economic structure 

  • 1932 was the worst year of the depression, three years after it started 

  • Average unemployment was 25% 

    • Georgia was 18% 

    • Montana 31%

    • Detroit 70% 

  • Half the workforce was not employed full time 

  • A lot of americans blame themselves for unemployment 

  • Herbert Hoover 

    • From Iowa 

    • Blamed for everyone else's problems 

      • Blamed for depression even though it wasn't his fault 

    • Wasn't up to the task 

    • Organized relief for belgians 

    • Was an engineer 

    • One of the most qualified people for president on paper 

    • Hooverville town of shacks people lived in 

    • Initial response to the depression was do nothing and let it ride out 

  • “Voluntary cooperation” 

    • Best way to treat this is through private efforts that were voluntary 

    • Government business was not charity 

      • Dependent class of people 

    • Aid should be given out by local charities and cities 

    • “Business community please don’t lay any people off” 

    • 1931 motor companies stopped making cars 

    • Rickets- lack of vitamin D, femur is like rubber 

  • Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)- 1930

    • Provides loans to business and banks to help assist them 

    • Federal construction projects, would stimulate the economy 

      • Stadiums, airports, dams 

    • Priming a pump 

      • Pour water into it to create suction 

      • In the image the money is priming the pump 

  • Too little, too late…

    • Growing old and out living your money 

    • 1945 veterans were given a chunk of money which would keep them out of poverty into their old age 

    • Give us our bonus early 

    • Went to Dc to pass the bill 

    • Camped out, and laid out in front of the capital to put pressure on them 

      • This doesn't end up working cus the capital does not have the funds for this 

    • Hoover orders them to clear out, drives veterans out 

      • Resulted in a fight 

      • Douglas Mcarthur led this effort 

        • Good guy to have on your side, but not the best for a peaceful talk 

      • Camps were burned 

    • Election of 1932 

      • Hoover lost greatly 

      • He lost even in his own state 

      • Does okay in the old northeast, new england was mainly republican 

      • Everywhere else voted for Roosevelt 

• The New Deal 

  • Roosevelt 

    • Was governor of New York 

    • Cousins with Teddy Roosevelt 

    • Has a plan called the New Deal to deal with the depression 

  • Five agendas 

    • Relieve immediate suffering

      • People are starving to death 

      • Vitamin deficiencies, scurvy and rickets

      • Hungry people=angry, scary, asking questions about why and who is responsible

      • Hungry people can become communist of fascists   

    • Save banks, increase money supply 

      • Banks are collapsing and failing 

      • Increase the money supply 

    • Jumpstart industry 

      • Factories working 

      • No longer making cars got to get factories to start working again

    • Address the agricultural crisis 

      • Save farmers 

      •  A lot of the new deal is agricultural 

    • “Make-work” programs to restore morale 

      • Boost morale 

      • Get over fear 

      • “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself” 

  • Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA)

    • Gave money to people

    • Prove that you were dirt poor and supply labor govt will give you money

    • Give you a grant 

    • Relieve immediate suffering 

    • Empty budget twice 

  • The Banking Act of 1933 

    • Banks can't pay loans back due to the depression

    • Banks shut down for 8 days so that they can be assessed 

      • They will let them know if their banks are healthy or not 

    • FDOC and “Glass-Steagall” 

  • National Recovery Administration (NRA) 

    • Government, labor unions, business owner (members) 

    • Highly encouraged people to join 

    • “We do our part” 

    • Negotiate with each other over all the things that used to cause strikes 

    • Work together to set prices and wages 

    • Make everyone happy 

    • Work together with a minimum of strife 

    • Lot of people don't like this 

    • Labor workers thought business owners had too much power 

    • Business owner thought labor union and government had too much power 

  • Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) 

    • Addresses the problem of overproduction 

    • Government pay you not to farm 

      • It helps with scarcity issue 

    • Less food price goes up 

    • Farmers want prices to go up 

  • “Make-work” programs 

    • Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) 

      • Environmental group 

      • Chances are CCC built the trails you walk on in georgia and other parks around the world 

      • 25 dollars a week send back 20 dollars to your family keep 5 for yourself 

      • They were given places to live and sleep 

• Public Works Administration (PWA) 

  • Build dams 

    • Provided a lot of jobs 

    • Symbol of success and pride for americans

• Works Progress Administration (WPA)

  • Replace FERA in 1935

  • Does everything 

    • Roads,airports,building

    • Employed out of work artists to paint murals 

    • Employed unemployed historians 

    • Fine arts mural in uga was painted during the great depression 

    • Baldwin, Leconte, fine arts, park hall were built in during the new deal 

• Works Progress Administration (TVA) 

  • Dam building program 

  • Tame tennessee river 

• Other important New Deal Programs

  • Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) 

    • Manage stock markets

  • Social Security Act 

    • So we dont die in poverty

  • Wagner Act of 1935 and the NLRB 

    • Government guaranteeing people the right to organizing a union 

    • Right to unionize 

• Backlash against the New Deal 

  • Conservative businessmen- New Deal too radical 

    • Government unfairly trying to manipulate the economy 

    • Inappropriate use of government power 

    • Hoover was anti new deal 

    • New deal was a slippery slope to government tyranny 

      • Secretly communist

  • Radicals- New Deal too conservative 

    • Communist and leftist didn't like this either 

    • Trying to save capitalism

  • Others- a mix of criticisms 

    • “Townsend Clubs” 

    • Huey Long and Father Charles Coughlin 

Mobilizing for war 

• A little quiz 

• War and recovery 

  • Government spending up 

    • Multiply by 10 

    • 3.8 million people will work for the government 

    • GDP 900 billion to 1.5 trillion by the end of the war 

    • Union membership went up 9 million to 15 million 

    • Factoring and farming booming 

      • Building planes faster than they got shot down then you would win the war 

    • In Brunswick, GA they made cargo ships

  • Unemployment vanishes 

    • Get all the overtime you wanted 

  • Union membership explodes 

    • Peak of unionization 

  • Migration

    • 11% of the US population move somewhere else to get a defense related job

    • A lot of people move north 

    • 86 thousand tanks, 300,000 aircraft, 15 mil guns, 650,000 ships

• Women, African Americans, and Mexican workers 

  • “Rosie the Riveter” 

    • Women served in factories and other roles 

    • Not always young women also older women 

  • Jim Crow in the factories 

    • Open up economic opportunities for black women 

    • Technically against federal law to discriminate against defense employees against race and gender 

      • They were discriminated against anyways

    • Give black employees different job titles allowing them to pay them less this allowed them to go against the federal law without getting in trouble 

  • The “braceros” and the “zoot suit riots” 

    • Federal government brought in workers from mexico they were called “braceros” 

      • Negative response from white westerners

    • Young mexican men loved zoot suits 

    • Unity of war did not eliminate old animosities  

• The New Deal Goes to War

  • Creating the military-industrial complex 

    • “Dollar-a-year mean” and mobilizing the private sector 

      • Let private industry be in charge of mobilization

        • Head of companies would take no salary except $1 

      • Go to factories and ask them to produce war material instead of civilian goods 

        • In return- government will guarantee these factories will make a profit 

          • Government will pay for the cost of “re-tooling” (getting new tools to build things) 

          • When the war is over- offered a low-cost loan to get back to producing civilian goods 

        • US is the only major economy that hasn't been bombed after the war plus we have brand new factories because of this part of the deal 

    • War Production Board, National War Labor Board, Office of Price Administration, etc. 

      • Government rationed thing very closely you were given ration books 

      • Only given 5 gallons of gasoline a week 

      • OPA- organized the rations 

    • The CCC and mobilization 

      • Civilian conservation corp- built state parks, run in cooperation with the army 

      • Over a million men served in the CCC

        • Many said going into the military was easy cus they already did it at the CCC 

      • New deal loved to build dams 

        • They were bad for the environment but good for the war because they produce a lot of electricity 

• War, Immigration and Assimilation 

  • Immigration ended in 1944 

  • The war was important for assimilation

  • A family story…

    • First gen American, parents were polish, join the military (every single man joined the military)

      • No longer question someone's American-ness because they wanted to join the war 

    • Forward observer 

  • Japanese- American internment 

    • Anti-asian feeling in america 

    • Pearl harbor comes and the roosevelt sign exec order 906- everyone of japanese ancestry to report to internment camp 

      • Go to camps even if they were born in America

        • Did Not apply to japanese born in Hawaii

        • People were told to sell their homes but they couldn't so they had to walk away from everything they owned 

        • Not a death camp just being held till the war was over