(Macroeconomics)
^^Business cycle^^: is the pattern experienced by the economy. They are intervals of expansion followed by recession. These expansions and contractions experienced by the economy are called economic fluctuations, and are represented by the business cycle.
In reality, economic activities do not have a uniform schedule, as they can vary depending on the severity of the situation, which makes then hard to predict
^^Contraction^^: a sustained decline in economic activity
^^Expansion^^: A sustained improvement in economic activity
^^Peak^^: end of expansion and the beginning of contraction
^^Trough^^: the end of contraction and the beginning of expansion
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^^Aggregate Supply^^: is the amount of all goods and services brought to market by all producers. This is the supply of everything by everyone.
^^Long-Run Aggregate Supply^^: aggregate supply after wages and other resource prices have adjusted to macroeconomic conditions
The price shifts from P1 to a point above, labelled P2. The price level will be higher at P2 however the amount of goods supplied by producers will stay constant at Y1. The only changes experienced here are in resources or technology, which affect the long-run aggregate supply.
LRAS is vertical due to the amount supplied in the long run which does not depend on the price level.
An increase in resources or technological advances shifts LRAS to the right, while a reduction in resources or a decline in technological productivity shifts LRAS to the left.
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^^Factors affecting SRAS^^: 1- Change in price level, 2- change in the expected future price level, 3- a change in the price of land, labor, or capital
^^Short-run Aggregate Supply:^^ aggregate supply before wages and other resource prices have adjusted to macroeconomic conditions.
Suppliers could get higher prices for their products, but their input costs have risen proportionally. Aggregate supply would be unaffected if the costs of production rose in tande, with the price level.
As price level rises from P1 to P2, the amount supplied by all producers increases from Y1 to Y2. Suppliers are getting higher prices for their products but resource price have not yet increased. As a result, SRAS slopes upward.
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If prices are expected to increase, the suppliers will bring less to markets. Producers would wait will the prices rise, then bring their products to market.
The relationship between the expected future price level and aggregate supply is downward sloping on the graph. A downward sloping line indicates a negative or inverse relationship. When expected future prices increase, aggregate supply decreased an when expected future prices decrease, aggregate supply increase.
The SRAS shifting to the left signifies that producers will bring less to the market as their future prices are expected to be higher. If the factor listed on the vertical axis changes, then there is movement from one point to another along the line. The line shifts right or left when the factor causing the change is not listen on the vertical axis.
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Long-Run Aggregate Supply:
Why is it vertical? | The amount supplied in the long run is not affected by the prices of final goods and services in the economy |
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What can shift it? | - A change in the amount of resources in the economy- Changes in production technology |
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Short-Run Aggregate Supply:
Why is it upward sloping? | Suppliers have incentive to bring more to market if the price level rises because they can get more for their products while wages remain unchanged |
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What can shift it? | - A change in the amount of resources in the economy- Changes in production technology- Changes in expected future prices- Changes in the prices of land, labour, or capital |
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^^Aggregate demand^^: is the amount of goods and services demanded by households, businesses, governments, and foreigners. This is the demand for all final goods and services by everyone.
Aggregate demand is affected by many factors, however, it can all be categorized in groups.
As seen on the graph, as the price level increases (P1 to P2), the dollar amount of aggregate demand decreases (Q3 to Q2, then Q1). In AD1, there is movement up the aggregate demand curve from B to A, and an AD2, the movement up the aggregate demand curve is from D to C.
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Why does this happen?
When prices increase generally there is inflation and it does not destroy income in the economy. When price level rises, most people and firms earn more income. Profits increase for some firms and this transfers to firm owners who live in households.
^^Foreign Purchaser effect:^^ When price level rises, on reason aggregate demand declines is due to foreign demand decreasing.
^^The wealth effect:^^ When households begin to spend more and gain less, this decreases aggregate demand.
Using the aggregate demand curve, we can see that it is downward sloping and the price level and total demand vary inversely. When price level rises, aggregate demand decreases and vise versa. → this is able to happen as foreign purchases effect and wealth effect are set into motion.
^^Consumer Confidence:^^ is a statistical measure of consumers’ feelings about current and future economic problems, and is used as indicator of the overall state of the economy.
The AD curve shifts to the right due to the fact that prices remain unchanged while aggregate demand increases. This shift occurs as there is more demand in the economy as consumers have more confidence in the economic prospects.
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Summary of Aggregate Demand:
Why is it downward sloping? | 1. Foreign purchases effect: foreigners demand less when domestic prices rise because their income have not risen in tandem, and domestic consumers prefer more imports since domestic prices are up2. Wealth effect: financial wealth is destroyed when prices rise, this causes consumers to save more and spend less |
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What can shift it? | - Changes in consumer confidence- Changes in taxes- Changes in business confidence- Changes in money supply- Changes in foreign demand due to preferences or income- Changes in government spending |
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If a nation experiences a decline in the foreign demand for products, it means that they are facing a recession. The AD curve would shift to the left.
The reduction of foreign demand shifts the AD to the left, and creates a new equilibrium point. This decline causes the price level and real GDP to fall.
^^Decline in GDP means:^^
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^^Stagflation^^: is consistent high inflation paired with high unemployment and stagnant demand in a country’s economy. It is inflation combined with high prices, and can only be caused by sras shifting to the left.
In fig. 7, we can see the optimal economy where all three curves intersect at the point of equilibrium. Here. the Long run aggregate supply curve is operating at full employment. In economic terms, we can say that it is perfectly on the production possibilities frontier (maximum efficiency)
^^Supply shock:^^ an unexpected change in short-run or long-run aggregate supply
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