^^Covalent bond^^: Sharing of electrons by two atoms
^^Nonpolar covalen^^t: Electrons are shared equally between the two atoms
^^Polar covalent^^: Electrons are not shared equally between two atoms
^^Ionic bond:^^ The attraction between oppositely charged atoms (ions)
Transfer of electrons from one atom to another atom forms ions
^^Cation^^: positively charged ion
^^Anion^^: negatively charged ion
The partially positive hydrogen atom in one polar covalent molecule will be attracted to an electronegative atom in another polar covalent molecule. (negative + positive interaction). This forms a weak bond.
This happens because of the contrasting electronegativity between atoms, which causes polar covalent bonds.
^^Cohesion^^: Two of the same molecules forming hydrogen bonds with each other.
^^Adhesion^^: Two different molecules forming hydrogen bonds with each other.
Cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension allow for water to show additional chemical behaviors known as emergent properties.
The unequal sharing of electrons in a water molecule makes water a polar molecule.
^^Cohesion^^: Hydrogen bonds between H₂O molecules told them together and increase cohesive forces.
^^Adhesion^^: Caused by the polarity of H₂O.
^^Capillary Action^^: The upward movement of water due to the forces of cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension
^^Temperature control^^: H₂O resists changes in temperature through hydrogen bonds.
Moderate air temperature
Stabilizes ocean temperature
Organisms can resist changes in their internal temperature
^^Evaporative Cooling^^: Water has a high heat of vaporization (b/c of hydrogen bonds).
The molecules with the highest kinetic energy leave as gas.
^^Floating ice^^: As water solidifies, it expands and becomes less dense
Water is a ^^versatile solvent^^: its polar molecules are attracted to ions and other polar molecules it can form bonds with.
Water can interact with sugars/proteins containing oxygen and hydrogen
^^Ionic compounds^^: Partially negative oxygen with interact with positive atoms and vice versa with hydrogen to dissolve the ions.