172 Chapter 17 Blood Spring 25

Chapter 17: Blood

Page 1

• Title and image reference.

Page 2: Components of the Cardiovascular System

• Heart

• Blood Vessels:

  • Arteries

  • Capillaries

  • Veins

• Blood

Page 3: Internal Fluid Composition

• Maintaining the body's internal fluid composition is critical for survival.

• Total Body Water Composition:

  • Interstitial Fluid

  • Intracellular Fluid (63%)

  • Extracellular Fluid (37%):

    • Plasma

    • Lymph

    • Transcellular Fluid

Page 4: Functions of Blood

• Transportation

• Protection

• Regulation:

  • Body Temperature: Absorbs heat

  • Body pH: Uses chemical buffers

  • Fluid Balance: Water can be added or lost

Page 5: Characteristics of Blood

• Color: Scarlet (oxygen-rich) to dark red (oxygen-poor)

• Volume:

  • 4-5 L (females)

  • 5-6 L (males)

• Viscosity: 4.5-5.5 x that of water

• Plasma Concentration: 0.09%

• Temperature: 38°C (100.4°F)

• pH: 7.35-7.45

Page 6: Appearance of Veins

• Shorter wavelength blue light reflects back, making veins appear blue.

• Warmer colors penetrate the skin, are absorbed by blood.

Page 7: Venipuncture

• Veins used for blood sampling:

  • Basilic

  • Cephalic

  • Median cubital

Page 8: Whole Blood Composition

• Blood withdrawal and centrifugation process.

• Composition:

  • Plasma: 55% of whole blood, least dense

  • Buffy Coat: Leukocytes and platelets, <1%

  • Erythrocytes: 45% of whole blood, most dense

Page 9: Plasma Composition

• Percentage of Components:

  • Plasma: 55%

  • Formed Elements: 45%

  • Components of Plasma:

    • Water (92%)

    • Proteins (7%)

    • Electrolytes, Nutrients, Wastes, Gases

Page 10: Role of Organs in Plasma Composition

• Key Organs:

  • Lungs: Gas exchange

  • Gastrointestinal Tract: Nutrient absorption

  • Kidneys: Waste removal

Page 11: Whole Blood Composition (repeated)

• Blood withdrawal and centrifugation process reiteration.

• Composition Breakdown: Plasma, Buffy coat, Erythrocytes.

Page 12: Blood Smear Technique

• Process for preparing and viewing blood samples under a microscope:

  1. Withdraw blood

  2. Stain and view components: Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets.

Page 13: Formation of Blood Elements

• Various leukocytes visualized in a blood smear—Monocyte, Lymphocyte, Neutrophil, Eosinophil.

Page 14: Erythrocyte Structure

• Characteristics of erythrocytes:

  • Biconcave disc structure

  • Lacks nucleus and organelles

  • Hemoglobin presence for oxygen & CO2 transport.

Page 15: Hemoglobin

• Function: Transports oxygen (also some carbon dioxide)

• Forms: Oxygenated vs Deoxygenated

• Structure: Four globins, each containing an iron (Fe2+) heme group.

Page 16: Hematopoiesis

• Process of blood cell formation.

• Daily production: 400 billion platelets, 200 billion RBCs, and 10 billion WBCs.

Page 17: Erythropoiesis

• Erythrocyte development pathways:

  • Begins with myeloid stem cells

  • Phases of development include ribosome synthesis, hemoglobin accumulation, and nucleus ejection.

Page 18: Erythropoietin (EPO)

• Hormone produced in kidneys.

• Stimulated by low blood oxygen levels (hypoxia), promoting erythrocyte production in red marrow.

Page 19: Erythrocyte Destruction

• Sequence of events leading to the removal of aged RBCs from circulation and the production of new erythrocytes.

Page 20: Erythrocyte Destruction Producing Bilirubin

• Breakdown of hemoglobin from destroyed RBCs leading to bilirubin production, which is processed by the liver and excreted.

Page 21: Erythrocyte Disorders

• Polycythemia: Increase in RBC number, can be primary (cancer) or secondary (due to low oxygen levels).

• Blood Doping: Artificial increase in RBCs.

Page 22: Anemia Types

• Anemia: Decrease in RBC number or functionality.

  • Types include iron-deficiency, pernicious, aplastic, renal, hemolytic, and sickle cell.

Page 23: Sickle Cell Anemia

• Mutation in hemoglobin structure causing sickle-shaped RBCs leading to blood flow issues.

Page 24: Sickle Cell Shape Effect on Blood Flow

• Soft, round RBCs allow smooth flow; sickle-shaped RBCs can block blood flow.

Page 25: Blood Types: ABO Group

• Determined by surface A and B antigens.

  • Blood Types: Type A, B, AB, and O.

  • Antibodies: Corresponding antibodies present in plasma.

Page 26: Rh Blood Type

• Determined by presence or absence of Rh factor (surface antigen D).

• 31 different genes contribute to RBC surface features influencing compatibility.

Page 27: Erythrocyte Agglutination

• Occurs in incompatible blood transfusions, where recipient's antibodies clump received RBCs.

Page 28: Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDFN)

• Consequences of Rh incompatibility between Rh-negative mother and Rh-positive fetus.

• Antibodies produced in mother can affect future pregnancies.

Page 29: Mechanism of HDFN Development

• Entry of Rh-positive fetal cells into the mother's bloodstream during delivery.

Page 30: Treatment with RhoGAM

• RhoGAM prevents antibody formation in Rh-negative women, reducing risk of HDFN in future pregnancies.

Page 31: Leukocytes/WBC Functions

• Responsible for pathogen defense

• Complete cells with a nucleus and organelles, can exit blood vessels (diapedesis).

Page 32: Types of Leukocytes

• Granulocytes:

  • Neutrophils: Bacteria

  • Eosinophils: Worms/Parasites

  • Basophils: Allergic responses.

• Agranulocytes:

  • Lymphocytes: Immunity, B and T cells

  • Monocytes: Differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells.

Page 33: Leukocyte Disorders

• Leukocytosis: High WBC count (>10,000/mm³)

• Leukopenia: Low WBC count (<5,000/mm³).

Page 34: Leukemia

• A blood cancer originating from hematopoietic stem cells, can be acute or chronic.

Page 35: Mononucleosis Symptoms

• Associated with Epstein-Barr virus, characterized by fatigue, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes.

Page 36: Platelets/Thrombocytes

• Composition: 55% plasma, 45% erythrocytes.

• Produced from hematopoietic stem cells regulated by thrombopoietin.

Page 37: Hemostasis Steps

• Step 1: Vascular spasm

• Step 2: Platelet plug formation

• Step 3: Coagulation.

Page 38: Coagulation Cascade

• Intrinsic Pathway: Triggered by vessel damage, involves clotting factors and calcium.

• Extrinsic Pathway: Triggered by tissue factor, both converge to activate Factor X.

Page 39: Factors Limiting Blood Clotting

• Smooth lining of blood vessels and naturally occurring clotting inhibitors.

Page 40: Clotting Disorders

• Excessive clotting can lead to thrombus and embolism; insufficient clotting leads to conditions like hemophilia.