172 Chapter 17 Blood Spring 25
Chapter 17: Blood
Page 1
Title and image reference.
Page 2: Components of the Cardiovascular System
Heart
Blood Vessels:
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Blood
Page 3: Internal Fluid Composition
Maintaining the body's internal fluid composition is critical for survival.
Total Body Water Composition:
Interstitial Fluid
Intracellular Fluid (63%)
Extracellular Fluid (37%):
Plasma
Lymph
Transcellular Fluid
Page 4: Functions of Blood
Transportation
Protection
Regulation:
Body Temperature: Absorbs heat
Body pH: Uses chemical buffers
Fluid Balance: Water can be added or lost
Page 5: Characteristics of Blood
Color: Scarlet (oxygen-rich) to dark red (oxygen-poor)
Volume:
4-5 L (females)
5-6 L (males)
Viscosity: 4.5-5.5 x that of water
Plasma Concentration: 0.09%
Temperature: 38°C (100.4°F)
pH: 7.35-7.45
Page 6: Appearance of Veins
Shorter wavelength blue light reflects back, making veins appear blue.
Warmer colors penetrate the skin, are absorbed by blood.
Page 7: Venipuncture
Veins used for blood sampling:
Basilic
Cephalic
Median cubital
Page 8: Whole Blood Composition
Blood withdrawal and centrifugation process.
Composition:
Plasma: 55% of whole blood, least dense
Buffy Coat: Leukocytes and platelets, <1%
Erythrocytes: 45% of whole blood, most dense
Page 9: Plasma Composition
Percentage of Components:
Plasma: 55%
Formed Elements: 45%
Components of Plasma:
Water (92%)
Proteins (7%)
Electrolytes, Nutrients, Wastes, Gases
Page 10: Role of Organs in Plasma Composition
Key Organs:
Lungs: Gas exchange
Gastrointestinal Tract: Nutrient absorption
Kidneys: Waste removal
Page 11: Whole Blood Composition (repeated)
Blood withdrawal and centrifugation process reiteration.
Composition Breakdown: Plasma, Buffy coat, Erythrocytes.
Page 12: Blood Smear Technique
Process for preparing and viewing blood samples under a microscope:
Withdraw blood
Stain and view components: Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets.
Page 13: Formation of Blood Elements
Various leukocytes visualized in a blood smear—Monocyte, Lymphocyte, Neutrophil, Eosinophil.
Page 14: Erythrocyte Structure
Characteristics of erythrocytes:
Biconcave disc structure
Lacks nucleus and organelles
Hemoglobin presence for oxygen & CO2 transport.
Page 15: Hemoglobin
Function: Transports oxygen (also some carbon dioxide)
Forms: Oxygenated vs Deoxygenated
Structure: Four globins, each containing an iron (Fe2+) heme group.
Page 16: Hematopoiesis
Process of blood cell formation.
Daily production: 400 billion platelets, 200 billion RBCs, and 10 billion WBCs.
Page 17: Erythropoiesis
Erythrocyte development pathways:
Begins with myeloid stem cells
Phases of development include ribosome synthesis, hemoglobin accumulation, and nucleus ejection.
Page 18: Erythropoietin (EPO)
Hormone produced in kidneys.
Stimulated by low blood oxygen levels (hypoxia), promoting erythrocyte production in red marrow.
Page 19: Erythrocyte Destruction
Sequence of events leading to the removal of aged RBCs from circulation and the production of new erythrocytes.
Page 20: Erythrocyte Destruction Producing Bilirubin
Breakdown of hemoglobin from destroyed RBCs leading to bilirubin production, which is processed by the liver and excreted.
Page 21: Erythrocyte Disorders
Polycythemia: Increase in RBC number, can be primary (cancer) or secondary (due to low oxygen levels).
Blood Doping: Artificial increase in RBCs.
Page 22: Anemia Types
Anemia: Decrease in RBC number or functionality.
Types include iron-deficiency, pernicious, aplastic, renal, hemolytic, and sickle cell.
Page 23: Sickle Cell Anemia
Mutation in hemoglobin structure causing sickle-shaped RBCs leading to blood flow issues.
Page 24: Sickle Cell Shape Effect on Blood Flow
Soft, round RBCs allow smooth flow; sickle-shaped RBCs can block blood flow.
Page 25: Blood Types: ABO Group
Determined by surface A and B antigens.
Blood Types: Type A, B, AB, and O.
Antibodies: Corresponding antibodies present in plasma.
Page 26: Rh Blood Type
Determined by presence or absence of Rh factor (surface antigen D).
31 different genes contribute to RBC surface features influencing compatibility.
Page 27: Erythrocyte Agglutination
Occurs in incompatible blood transfusions, where recipient's antibodies clump received RBCs.
Page 28: Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDFN)
Consequences of Rh incompatibility between Rh-negative mother and Rh-positive fetus.
Antibodies produced in mother can affect future pregnancies.
Page 29: Mechanism of HDFN Development
Entry of Rh-positive fetal cells into the mother's bloodstream during delivery.
Page 30: Treatment with RhoGAM
RhoGAM prevents antibody formation in Rh-negative women, reducing risk of HDFN in future pregnancies.
Page 31: Leukocytes/WBC Functions
Responsible for pathogen defense
Complete cells with a nucleus and organelles, can exit blood vessels (diapedesis).
Page 32: Types of Leukocytes
Granulocytes:
Neutrophils: Bacteria
Eosinophils: Worms/Parasites
Basophils: Allergic responses.
Agranulocytes:
Lymphocytes: Immunity, B and T cells
Monocytes: Differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells.
Page 33: Leukocyte Disorders
Leukocytosis: High WBC count (>10,000/mm³)
Leukopenia: Low WBC count (<5,000/mm³).
Page 34: Leukemia
A blood cancer originating from hematopoietic stem cells, can be acute or chronic.
Page 35: Mononucleosis Symptoms
Associated with Epstein-Barr virus, characterized by fatigue, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes.
Page 36: Platelets/Thrombocytes
Composition: 55% plasma, 45% erythrocytes.
Produced from hematopoietic stem cells regulated by thrombopoietin.
Page 37: Hemostasis Steps
Step 1: Vascular spasm
Step 2: Platelet plug formation
Step 3: Coagulation.
Page 38: Coagulation Cascade
Intrinsic Pathway: Triggered by vessel damage, involves clotting factors and calcium.
Extrinsic Pathway: Triggered by tissue factor, both converge to activate Factor X.
Page 39: Factors Limiting Blood Clotting
Smooth lining of blood vessels and naturally occurring clotting inhibitors.
Page 40: Clotting Disorders
Excessive clotting can lead to thrombus and embolism; insufficient clotting leads to conditions like hemophilia.