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Studied by 73 peopleNoteStudied by 64427 peopleNoteStudied by 76 peopleNoteStudied by 36 peopleNoteStudied by 3569 peopleNoteStudied by 3 people
AP Calculus AB - Ultimate Guide (copy) (copy)
NoteStudied by 73 peopleUnit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior
NoteStudied by 64427 peopleBiomolecules
NoteStudied by 76 peopleChapter 18 The Great Depression
NoteStudied by 36 peopleIB History: Paper 1 - The Move To Global War (Japanese, Italian and German Expansion)
NoteStudied by 3569 peopleБЛОК 3: КЛЕТКА – ЧАСТИ И ФУНКЦИИ
NoteStudied by 3 peopleLanguage Contact: Language Birth, Pidgins, Creoles
- contact linguistics: linguistic patterns of when two speech communities come into contact
- societal bilingualism
- language mixing
- language murder and death
- aka contact linguistics. not stable coexistence
- contact situations
- borrowing - superficial contact
- societal multilingualism - enduring contact
- harmful contact - language shift ➝ language death
- superficial contact: borrowing and loans
- for borrowing to occur, there already has to be a degree of bilingualism among speakers
- loans usually come from trade empires
- core vocab / grammatical function words / prepositions do not tend to be borrowed
- words are usually borrowed as a means of prestige
- loan translation / calques: translating word for word even when that language doesn’t use that phrase
- phonology (phonemes, phonotactic patterns) can also be borrowed
- morphemes and syntactic features can also be borrowed
- (not really borrowing. more accurate: permanent loan / adaptation)
- sprachbund and areal features
- languages are unrelated but have grown similar in structure because of their proximity to each other
- a linguistic feature spread in a linguistic area
- mixed languages
- L1 + L2 = L3 - like spanglish.. bilinguals mix the codes of L1 and L2 so often that a kind of hybrid evolves
- pidgins
- pidgin languages are formed and used by the first-generation of speakers who come into contact with one another
- no one’s first language
- pidgins develop in situations where speakers of dif languages are tossed together abruptly (slavery, indentured workers, etc)
- simplified forms of the languages, but there are rules still
- pidgin often uses multiple words to form a complex idea
- of the two languages:
- one serves as the lexifier - vocabulary
- one serves as the grammaticaler - grammar
- common features
- pidgins tend to have the smaller number of phonemes of language 1 and 2
- simplest phonology wins - reduction of consonant clusters, reduction in the number of allophones
- pidgins tend to be analytic-isolating
- syntax: usually SVO
- semantics: very small vocabulary
- lots of pidgins have common features
- lots of hypotheses about origins of pidgins
- single origin: proto pidgin hypotheses. spread by sailors or slavers who traveled everywhere
- bioprogram hypothesis: without the input of parents, language develops as pidgins in predictable ways
- hardwiring in mind for language
- creoles
- first gen form a pidgin. second gen will learn the extended pidgin as a first language, at which point it becomes a creole
- pidgin ➝ creole ➝ full fledged language
- since the younger gen learns pidgin as a first language:
- speech rate accelerates
- lots of new words
- syntax ➝ more complex
- called nativization: developing the language
- creoles start developing a complex grammar ( tense, aspect, mood )
- long standing contact w stabilization of speech community
- often, creoles end up co-existing with parent language
- OR they can decrease ➝ creole gets reabsorbed into one of the parent languages
- superficial contact: borrowing, areal features
- enduring contact: language mixing, pidgin, creole
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Explore Top NotesNoteStudied by 73 peopleNoteStudied by 64427 peopleNoteStudied by 76 peopleNoteStudied by 36 peopleNoteStudied by 3569 peopleNoteStudied by 3 people
AP Calculus AB - Ultimate Guide (copy) (copy)
NoteStudied by 73 peopleUnit 1: Biological Bases of Behavior
NoteStudied by 64427 peopleBiomolecules
NoteStudied by 76 peopleChapter 18 The Great Depression
NoteStudied by 36 peopleIB History: Paper 1 - The Move To Global War (Japanese, Italian and German Expansion)
NoteStudied by 3569 peopleБЛОК 3: КЛЕТКА – ЧАСТИ И ФУНКЦИИ
NoteStudied by 3 people