Jesus in the Gospels: Jesus is presented as the Son of God and Messiah, with a mission centered on justice, love, and mercy.
Geographical and Socio-Economic Context: The document details Palestine during Jesus' time, highlighting its division into Galilee, Samaria, and Judea, and the influence of Roman governance through local rulers like Herod the Great.
Cultural Aspects: It discusses the names of the land and its people, typical garments, transportation methods, and currency used during that period.
Social Conflicts: The document outlines various societal issues in ancient Judea, including class conflicts, foreign occupation, and religious fanaticism.
Contemplative Question: A question encourages students to reflect on the parallels between ancient Judea's struggles and contemporary social issues in the Philippines, considering how Jesus' teachings might inspire solutions.

Overall, the document emphasizes the importance of understanding Jesus' life, teachings, and the historical context in which He lived, while encouraging personal reflection and connection to contemporary issues.

ROMAN

GOVERNMENT

IN PALESTINE

Romans did not govern

Palestine directly.

They selected particular

families like Herodians as

overseers of the state.

The most famous was

HEROD THE GREAT.

HE WAS APPOINTED BY

THE ROME AS A KING OF

JUDEA, SAMARIA,

GALILEE, AND PEREA.

HE WAS A PUPPET

RULER OF ROME WHEN

JESUS WAS BORN.

Herodian

Dynasty

HEROD THE GREAT

HEROD ANTIPAS HEROD PHILIP HEROD ARCHELAUS

SOME CONFLICTS IN THE

SOCIETY

OCCUPATION OF FOREIGN TROOPS

CLASS CONFLICTS

SOCIAL BANDITRY

RELIGIOUS FANATICISMS

MISCONDUCT OF ROMAN OFFICIALS

FACTIONS OF REVOLUTIONARIES

SIGNIFICANT

GROUPS DURING

THE TIME OF

JESUS

The Sadducees

• They call themselves the

righteous ones.

• They were involved in the

religious activities in

Jewish Tradition.

• They have deep

conservative understanding

of their theology and

Scriptural interpretation

The Sadducees

Three classifications of Jewish priesthood namely:

1. Levites – This is the lowest order who served as

the assistants, guards, porters, and musicians of

the temple.

2. Priests or middle order

3. High Priest or Highest order – It is the highest

position of being a priest and titular head of the

Jewish People and served as head of the

Sanhedrin. When we say, Sanhedrin, it is the

highest court.

The Pharisees

• They were people who

were known as strict

and literal interpreters

of Jewish Law (Torah).

• They were also called

hypocrites, for they did

not walk their talk.

The Essenes

• They were a group of

people who

withdrew from the

society, meaning

they lived a monastic

way of life and

practiced celibacy.

The Zealots

• Zealots became the

defender of their

land that led to a

rebellion. Their goal

is to free their land

from slavery of the

Romans.

Herodians

• They focused on

the politics rather

than religion. They

were the

supporters of the

rule and politics of

Herod Antipas.

The Sanhedrin

• It is composed of

seventy members drawn

from various parties and

the important people of

the land.

• It was the main

governing body of the

Jews and had control of

all religious matters.

The Tax Collector

• The Jews suffered from

extensive taxation of the

Roman Empire. All forms

of the Roman Taxes on

crops, a poll tax, tax on

transportation of goods;

Herod’s taxes (called

Temple Tax) that obliged

every male Jew aged

twenty and above to pay

annually to the Temple.

THE JEWISH

LAW AND

INSTITUTIONS

A. The Law

In Judaism, Hebrew

Scriptures are known

as the Torah

(Hebrew), the

Pentateuch in Greek,

and also called “the

Law of Moses” or

Mosaic Law.

B. The Temple or

Jerusalem Temple

The temple was the

central and most sacred

institution for all the

Jews. It was a place

where the priests

offered and performed

animal sacrifices for the

expiation of the sin.

C. SYNAGOGUE

• This became the

meeting place for

worship.

• They continued their

practices and started

to build places where

they could “gather

together” as a

community.

JEWISH

FESTIVALS &

RELIGIOUS

PRACTICES

A. PASSOVER

(HEBREW, PESAH)

• This celebration

commemorates

liberation from the

slavery of Egyptians

through the power of

God.

B. PENTECOST

• It is the day of

thanksgiving

for a good

harvest.

C. FEAST OF THE

TABERNACLES OR

BOOTHS (HEBREW,

SUKKOT)

• This feast is marked

by the ritual of

drawing of water and

illumination of one of

the Temple courts

which is the Ark of

the Covenant.

D. THE SABBATH

(HEBREW, SHABBATH)

• The Jewish Sabbath

(from Hebrew shavat,

“to rest”) is observed

throughout the year

on the seventh day of

the week—Saturday.

D. FEAST OF

DEDICATION

(HEBREW, HANUKKAH)

• This feast

commemorates

the rededication

of the Temple in

164 BCE.

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