purposive communication lesson 1

Lesson 1

The Basics of Communication

What is communication?

Four key terms should be defined to fully understand communication:

• Process

• System

• Symbols

• Meaning

Communication is a continuous activity that operates within a certain context in which people exchange words, gestures, and other verbal and non-verbal behavior to create and understand information or messages.

What is communication?

- is the transmission of a message from a source to a receiver. (Baran, 2011)

- is the process of sending and receiving messages sometimes through spoken or written words, and sometimes non-verbally through facial expressions, gestures, and voice qualities.(Ober & Newman, 2013)

- is the process of sending information to oneself or another entity, usually via a language. (Palta, 2007)

- is the process of using messages to generate meaning. (Pearson, et al., 2011)

Elements of communication

(Pearson et. al., 2011)

People - involved in the communication process assume - sources and receivers

Message - the verbal and non-verbal form of the idea, thought, or feeling one

Channel - the means by which the message is delivered.

Feedback - the receiver's verbal or non-verbal response to the message.

Code - the systematic arrangement of symbols used to create meanings.

Encoding & Decoding - encoding is the process of translating an idea. Decoding is the process of assigning meaning to an idea.

Noise - any interference in the encoding and decoding processes.

The communication process

Linear model - also called the transmission model, a linear model is based on the assumption that communication is transmitted in a straightforward manner.

Interactive model - is a two-way process that involves an exchange or interaction between the sender and the receiver.

Transactional model - adapted from Wood (1997) in response to the failure of the interactive model to portray the dynamism of human communications.

Principles of communication

- Communication is transactional.

- Communication is inevitable.

- Communication is goal-oriented.

- Communication has various levels.

- Communication is complex.

- Communication can be learned.

- Communication is relational.

- Communication is guided by culture.

Ethics of communication

- Ethical communicators are honest.

- Ethical communicators are well aware of the consequences of their thoughts and actions.

- Ethical communicators value diversity and respect others' opinions.

- Ethical communicators are just and fair.

COMMUNICATION PROCESSES AND PRINCIPLES

What is Communication?

◦ 'communication' has been defined and redefined by different theorists according to the influence they have.

◦ Communication, which came from the Latin word comunicare, meaning, to share or to make common is the exchange of ideas from one person to another.

◦ Its aim is to express or send a thought or message to a single person, a small group, a big audience, or the mass.

◦ Inner and interpersonal communication can be developed by understanding the nature and processes involved in the communication cycle.

Communication is Two-way

Proxemics - It would tell us that we tend to have a closer gravity pull to people we are comfortable with in a personal or intimate manner.

Communication is a Continuing Process.

- It is a cycle and it will continue until both parties decide to stop.

- Communication may be formal or informal depending on the situation.

- Communication can be personal or impersonal depending on the relationship.

Tune In:

Before you can tune in to the other person, you need to know the three sensory:

1. Visual. retain a good picture of the message.

2. Auditory. learn through listening.

3. Kinesthetic. store touch sensations.

Focusing on The Non-verbals

◦Non-verbal communication - delivering of messages without the use of words.

◦It includes the following: body language, proxemics, paralanguage, presuppositions, and cultural and environmental conditions.

◦Non-verbals are very important in communication. A large part of the message you send or receive is non-verbal or symbolic.

BASIC ELEMENTS (communication process)

• Sender

• Message

• Channel

• Receiver

• Feedback

SENDER

- as the initiator in the communication process, you need to be clear about the message that you would like to send. If the receiver will not able to understand the message and the communication process will fall.

- your message will be interpreted in different ways because each receiver is unique.

ENCODING

- after making sure that you already have a vivid picture of your message, you need to encode this in an understandable format or presentation for your receiver/s.

- no matter how vivid the message is in your mind, it will be useless if your receiver/s will not be able to understand it because you encoded it in a format or presentation alien to them.

CHANNEL

- The channel is the particular technique or method that you are going to use to transmit your message.

- The type of technique or method that you choose may either positively or negatively affect the communication process.

Ex. written communications, printed communications like bill boards or posters, telephone calls, any form of advertisement, newspapers, magazines, video conferences, radio and television broadcasting, text messages, emails, messenger and other social media

RECEIVER

- This is the stage where you decrypt or interpret the message.

- You need to be equipped with proper communication skills to decode the message sent to you.

- As the receiver, you need to listen attentively, read comprehensively, and be able to interpret pictures correctly.

REMEMBER!

Effective communicator is not one that speaks well but one who has a vivid picture of his message, knows when to send the message, is aware to whom should he speak with, can distinguish what channel to use in communicating his message, and is sensitive to feedbacks.

ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION:

Components of Communication

• Lexical

• Non-lexical

LEXICAL COMPONENT

• When using verbal or lexical communication you should try to choose words carefully in your advantage to be able to make the right impression.

• The use of right words is very significant in enhancing your message or in making yourself be understood.

• The lexical or verbal component of communication refers to the word or chain of words used to create meaning.

TYPES OF LEXICAL COMPONENTS:

• Words

Parts of words

Phrasal verbs

• Collocations

• Idioms

• Sentence frames.

WORDS:

Unique meaningful component of speech.

• Words may be used alone or with others to form a sentence.

• Examples: woman, animals, plants, flying, collect

PARTS OF WORDS:

• Denote a single letter, a prefix, or a suffix added to words.

• Ex. S in animals

Un in untold

Er in speaker

PHRASAL WORDS

• Verbs followed by a preposition or an adverb.

• Ex. Point out (to direct attention to something)

• The teacher pointed out the glitch in their programming.

COLLOCATIONS

• Pair or group of words that are habitually used together that they sound correct together

• Ex. Major Problem

• Strong Coffee

• Heavy Drinker

IDIOMS

• Combination of words whose collective meaning is not predictable from those of the individual words.

• Meanings created are usually understood by native speakers of the language.

• Examples: once in a blue moon (very seldom) This special event happens once in a blue moon.

• action speaks louder than words (what people see you do is more important than what you say) You don't have to say anything. Your actions speak louder than words.

SENTENCE FRAMES

• Group of words that provide a structure or a skeleton for a complete sentence.

• Examples: Acknowledging ideas

• My idea is similar to/related to ______s idea.

• I agree with _____ that

NON-LEXICAL COMPONENT

• Non-verbal component of communication refers to the delivering of messages without the use of words. It includes the following:

• Body language

• Proxemics

• Paralanguage

• Presuppositions

• Cultural and environmental conditions

BODY LANGUAGE:

Body language is a kind of non-lexical communication where ideas or messages are expressed using your body. It includes gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, and body stance.

A. GESTURES - These are most usually hand or head movements

• Examples: The "okay sign"

• The "nod"

B. FACIAL EXPRESSIONS - Executed using the facial muscles.

• There are four techniques in managing facial expressions:

1. Intensify. show strong emotions.

2. De-intensify. control your feelings

3. Neutralize. you don't want to show any Feelings while talking to somebody.

4. Mask. we want to convince somebody to do something for us. (plastikanay)

C. EYE CONTACT

• Looking directly at your audience's eyes.

D. BODY STANCE

• How you sit or stand in front of a person or an audience can relay information about your personality traits.

• Studying your body and how you stand and move is very important

• Examples: Standing with hands on hips may mean that the person is ready or the person is being aggressive.

• Standing with arms across his chest may mean that the person is being defensive.

• Standing with hands clasped behind the back may mean that the person is angry or frustrated

PROXEMICS

- the study of people's use of space as a special elaboration of culture.

• non-lexical communication - the nearness or closeness of a person to his audience.

• It is how you, as a speaker, use space when you communicate.

PARALANGUAGE

- Paralanguage - normally use every day, sometimes consciously and other times unconsciously.

• It alters or nuance meaning and reflects your impression of the person you are talking with. It also gives a hint on the role and experiences you had with that person.

PRESUPPOSITIONS

- an assumption, or something you believe is implied in an utterance. The assumption happens even without confirmation.

CULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

• Culture - refers to the beliefs, customs; arts, etc., of a particular society, group, place, or time.

• Environmental conditions - refer to the strength of the influence of various factors in a particular place or time.

• If the cultural and environmental conditions communicate codes that the receiver can understand, then the receiver can easily adjust or adapt.

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION:

• Intrapersonal Communication

• Interpersonal Communication

• Mass Communication

INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

- The type of communication we use when we talk to or communicate with ourselves.

Ex. of Intrapersonal Communication

1. Preparing ourselves before facing an audience

2. Speaking loudly to remind ourselves of something, repeat what we just heard, or to console ourselves

3. Daydreaming

INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

• The type of communication we do when we talk with another person or a group of people. (involves verbal and non)

FORMS OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

• Dyadic Communication

• Small group Communication

• Mass Communication

1. DYADIC COMMUNICATION

• It occurs when two people communicate face to face.

2. SMALL GROUP COMMUNICATION

• It occurs when three or more individuals, connected with mutual objectives, purpose, or identity, are communicating.

3. PUBLIC COMMUNICATION

• The type of communication that occurs when a person delivers a speech in a public setting.

3 REASONS WHY A SPEAKER WOULD DELIVER A SPEECH IN PUBLIC:

1. to entertain - to have the audience appreciate the event

2. to inform - to aid the audience to grasp and remember what it is you are presenting

3. to persuade - to convince the audience to believe the things you are presenting.

MASS COMMUNICATION

Also called the "one is to many" type of communication. It uses the media as its medium to communicate to mass audience.

• Mediums for mass communication can be classified into two: old media and new media.

• Old media include books, newspapers, magazines, and other forms of printed medía, radio, television, and film.

• New media, on the other hand, include computer and its technologies.