dev psych 9

Explicit: thinking and thought process of which we are consciously aware

Multistore model : depicts info as it flows through 3 processing units/stores

• Sensory store/register: (first info processing store) stored for a few seconds, comes from the 5 senses

•  LTS - Second info processing store (long term store) just like LTM but store

• STS - Second info processing store (short term store) just like STM but store

Executive functioning : self regulate processes involved in planning and executing strategies on the info just gathered or retrieved from LTM toward achievement of some cognitive goal

• Mental processes that help you set and carry out goals

Attention: selecting what stimulus the children will detect or work on

Set shifting: moving from one strategy to another

Inhibitory control: form of self regulation that allows children to choose not to attend to info

• Ability to suppress automatic, impulsive or habitual responses in order to perform a more appropriate/goal directed behavior

Frontal lobe: active during higher-order processing (focusing etc)

Memory span: how long something can be held in short term memory

Memory strategies/mnemonics: help improve memory such as rehearsal, organization and elaboration

Strategic memory: conscious attempts to retain or retrieve info

Span of apprehension: # of items we can keep in our minds at a time, or amount of info we can attend to at a single time without having to store it

Domain-specific: specialized learning mechanisms for different areas/domains (playing basketball doesn’t transfer to another domain of playing poker- theyre separate sports and require separate skills)

Strategies: goal-directed and deliberately implemented mental operations used to facilitate task performance

Rehearsal: memory, repeating items that one is trying to retain

Production deficiencies: failure to generate and use known strategies that could improve learning and memory

Elaboration: strategy for memory that involves adding bits of info to info were trying to retain (or creating meaningful links between)

Utilization deficiency: successfully execute a strategy but doesn’t facilitate memory performance (receives little/no benefit from it for recall)

Semantically organized: strategy for memory involving grouping or classifying stimuli into meaningful clusters that are easier to retain

Adaptive strategy choice model: Sieglers model that describes how strategies change over time; the view that multiple strategies exist in a child mind and these strategies compete with each other for use

Transfer utilization deficiency: when the mental effort needed to execute a strategy leaves no remaining cognitive resources to transfer the strategy to a new task

• Children, despite having the abilities to learn new abilities and tasks, struggle to effectively apply it to solve problems in real world situations

Implicit: thought that occurs without awareness that one is thinking

Metacognition: knowledge about cognition and about the regulation of cognitive activities

Attention span: capacity for sustaining attention to a particular stimulus or activity

Reticular formation: area of brain that activates the organisms and is important in regulating attention

Selective attention: ability to focus on task-relevant aspects while ignoring irrelevant/distracting info

Fuzzy-trace theory: theory by Brainerd and Reyna; says that people encode experiences on a continuum from literal, verbatim traces to fuzzy, gist like traces

Inhibition: ability to prevent ourselves from executing some cognitive or behavioral response

• Ability to suppress impulses, behaviors, or thoughts that arent appropriate/relevant in the given situation

Script: representation of the typical sequencing of events in some familiar context

Event memory: long term memory for events

Autobiographical memories: memory for important experiences/events that happened for the individual

Free recall: recollection that isnt prompted by specific cues or prompts

Retrieved: actions/strategies aimed at getting info out of the long term store

Source monitoring theory: determining whether the source of ones memories was internal (experienced) or external (imagined)

Infantile amnesia: lack of memory in ones early years of life

Cued recall: recollection prompted by a cue associated with the setting where the recall event originally occurred

• If you studied in your office and during the exam remember the space of your office it could help you bring it back

Suggestive: likelihood that false info that is suggested is incorporated into ones memory

• How susceptible a child is to influence in forming memories, beliefs, or behaviors based on external suggestions/info

Reasoning: a particular type of problem solving that involves making inferences (idea/conclusion drawn from evidence and reasoning)

Analogical reasoning: using something you already know to help reason about something not known yet

• Ability to understand and solve problems by identifying relationships between things and applying that understanding to new situations

Relational similarity: relation between 2 analogues (parent feeding child is relationally similar to bird feeding its chicks)

Cardinality: principle stating that the last number in a counting sequence specifies the number of items in a set

• Ex: when a child counts 1,2,3,4 and points at 4 apples (cardinality is them realization 4 is not just the last number they said, but the total number of apples)

Mnemonics (memory strategies): effortful techniques to improve memory, including; rehearsal, organization and elaboration

Connectionism: cog science that seeks to understand mental processes as resulting from assemblies (group) of real or artificial neurons.

• Connectionism is a theory in cognitive science and psychology that suggests mental processes, like learning and memory, arise from the activation and connections between simple processing units (often likened to neurons in the brain). In child development, this theory emphasizes how children learn through the strengthening and forming of associations between different pieces of information.