Unit 4 Chapter 2 Study Guide
People
• Calvin Coolidge – U.S. president known for his pro-business policies and limited government intervention in the economy.
• Franklin Delano Roosevelt – 32nd U.S. president who led the country through the Great Depression with the New Deal programs.
• Herbert Hoover – 31st U.S. president during the Great Depression; believed in “rugged individualism.”
• Ernest Hemingway – A famous writer of the 1920s, known for A Farewell to Arms.
• F. Scott Fitzgerald – A key writer of the 1920s, known for The Great Gatsby.
• Langston Hughes – A leading poet and writer of the Harlem Renaissance.
• Marcus Garvey – A Black nationalist leader who promoted the “Back to Africa” movement.
• Zora Neal Hurston – A writer associated with the Harlem Renaissance.
• Henry Ford – Revolutionized the automobile industry with mass production and the Model T Ford.
• Al Capone – A famous gangster who profited from illegal alcohol sales during Prohibition.
• Huey P. Long – A politician who criticized Roosevelt’s New Deal, proposing a “Share Our Wealth” program.
• Eleanor Roosevelt – First Lady who was a key advocate for social programs and the poor.
Amendments
• 18th Amendment – Enacted Prohibition, banning the sale and production of alcohol.
• 21st Amendment – Repealed Prohibition (18th Amendment).
• 19th Amendment – Gave women the right to vote.
• 22nd Amendment – Limited the U.S. president to two terms in office.
Legislation and The Great Depression
• Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) – A New Deal program providing jobs in environmental projects.
• Works Progress Administration (WPA) – A New Deal program that provided jobs in public works, such as building roads and schools.
• Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) – A New Deal law that paid farmers to reduce production.
• Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) – Created to insure bank deposits and restore trust in banks.
• Social Security Act – Established a system of pensions for the elderly and unemployment benefits.
• National Recovery Administration (NRA) – Designed to regulate industries and set fair wages/prices.
• Indian Reorganization Act – Aimed to reverse Native American assimilation policies and restore tribal governance.
• Reed Johnson Immigration Act – Limited immigration by setting quotas for different countries.
• The Gentleman’s Agreement – An informal agreement restricting Japanese immigration to the U.S.
• The Dust Bowl – A period of severe dust storms that damaged farmland in the Great Plains.
• The New Deal – A series of programs and policies introduced by Roosevelt to address the Great Depression.
• Hoovervilles – Shantytowns built by homeless people during the Great Depression.
• The Bonus Army – A group of World War I veterans who marched to Washington, D.C., demanding early payment of their promised bonuses.
• Black Tuesday – The stock market crash of October 29, 1929, marking the start of the Great Depression.
Events, Terms, and Other Concepts
• Harlem Renaissance – A cultural movement celebrating Black art, literature, and music in the 1920s.
• Radio – A major new source of entertainment and communication in the 1920s.
• Movies – Films, especially those with sound (“talkies”), became a popular form of entertainment.
• The Chicago Defender – An influential Black newspaper that encouraged the Great Migration.
• “Rugged Individualism” – Hoover’s belief that individuals should take care of themselves without government aid.
• Jim Crow Laws – State and local laws enforcing racial segregation.
• Jazz and Blues – Popular music styles associated with the Harlem Renaissance.