Kaplan and Kaplan Suggest that babies go through four stages to produce words

1. Crying

2. Cooing

3. Babbling

4. Speech

Verbal Communication

• speaking-oral

• writing

Non- Verbal Communication

• body language and gestures

• facial expressions

• space and touch

• clothing

• eye contact

Stages of Written Language

1. Pictography

2. Ideaography

3. Phonology

Advantages using Pictography

• takes up less space

• not language specific

• don’t need to able to read

Disadvantage using Pictography

• open to interpretation

• lacks detail

• no abstract ideas

3 Influences on Facial Expressions

1. our culture tells us how to feel about what happens to us

2. Our culture teaches us about when to control our facial expressions

3. Our culture teacher es what to do after we have shown an expression

Agents of Socialization

• family

• friends

• school

• the media

The 5 Big Personality Traits (OCEAN)

• openness

• conscientiousness

• extroverted ness

• agreeableness

• neuroticism

Eriksons Stages of development

1. Birth- trust vs mistrust

2. 1-3 yrs Autonomy vs doubt

3. 3-5 yrs Initiative vs guilt

4. 6- 11 yrs Industriousness vs Conformity

5. 12- 18 yrs Identity vs Role Confusion

6. 19- 30 yrs Intimacy vs Isolation

7. 30- 60 yrs Productivity vs Stagnation

8. 60 yrs + Ego integrity vs despair

Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory

• The ID - uses no logic or value, and only works on pleasure

• The EGO - manager of personality, tries to satisfy the id in a socially acceptable way

• The SUPEREGO - develops at 5, usually what we call conscious and tells us what is right or wrong - feeling guilty and only deals with ego not id

How is Sigmund Freud’s theory related to an iceberg

• water level represents the level of conscious

• we are only aware of a little of it

• most of the iceberg is hidden- the id and superego

• only the tip of the iceberg is visible representing the ego

Carl Jung

• did not agree with Freud on theories of sexual motivation

• he felt that human behavior revolved around Good vs Evil, Man vs Women

• he felt that the unconscious mind did not only hold personal experience but common cultural experiences as well - collective unconscious

Alfred Adler

• he shared with Freud that early childhood experiences have a big impact on a person’s life

• Unlike Freud, he believes that much of what motivates people is the need to overcome feelings of inferiority that are usually perceived by unconscious mind

Karen Horney

• agreed with Freud about motivation coming from unconscious

• she believed that motivation comes from feelings of unsafe, unloved or undervalues

• she believed that children who are loved and feel safe develop positive personality traits and those who are not, use defense mechanisms to protect themselves

• strongly disagree with Freud about women’s envy of men

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

• Maslow did the complete opposite of Freud’s theory

• Maslow believed that we need to meet each of the lower needs on the hierarchy before we can turn our attention to the next one

• once we have met our needs at a certain level, we may go back to lower need levels

• Physiological, Safety, love and belonging, esteem, and self- actualization

3 Components of an emotion

• cognitive

• physical/ physiological

• behavioural

3 Factors that shape Emotions

• heredity

• learning

• maturity

James Lang’s Theory of Emotions

• eliciting stimulus → Overt behavioural Response → Physiological Arousal → Perceived Arousal → Emotion

5 Categories of Mental Illness

• Anxiety Disorders- OCD, GAD, Eating disorders, phobias

• Mood Disorder - Bipolar Disorder, depression, Mania, SAD

• Schizophrenic Disorders- schizophrenia, paranoid schizophrenia

• Personality Disorders- borderline personality disorder, antisocialpd, ODD< psycopathy, sociopathy

• Substance Related Disorders- alcohol use disorder, opioid use disorder,