WHII: Study Guide Age of Absolutism Part One

Name: Kaylee Hui                                       

Scientific Revolution

1.       When did the Scientific Revolution occur? 1500s-1800s AD

2.       What two things raised new questions about nature and society and encouraged a new emphasis on experimental technology in Europeans?

a.        New Lands

b.         New Cultures

3.       What did Caroline Hershel discover (answer is in the lecture)? Catalogued over 2000 celestial objects and discovered several comets and Nebulas

4.       What was perfected during the Sci Rev? Scientific Method

5.       The Scientific Method (Reasoned observation + Experimentation) led to a more accurate understanding of what? The world

6.       Who developed the heliocentric theory? Nicolaus Copernicus

7.       What did the heliocentric theory state is at the center of the universe? The Sun

8.       What theory did it replace? The geocentric theory

9.       What was the center of the universe in that incorrect theory?  The Earth

10.    What revolution did Copernicus help start?  Scientific Revolution

11.    Who discovered planetary motion? Johannes Kepler

12.    What shape does the orbit of a planet take? An ellipse

13.    Who used the telescope to support the heliocentric theory and discover the satellites of Jupiter?  Galileo Galilei

14.    What religious called him to trial to be questioned by the Inquisition?  Catholicism

15.    What religious text did Galileo’s teachings seemingly go against?   The Bible

16.    Who formulated the law of gravity (motion) and Calculus? Isaac Newton

17.    Who discovered the circulation of blood?  William Harvey

18.    What two things does the blood in our body transmit to the cells of our body?

a.        Nutrition

b.         Oxygen

19.    What did Harvey use to understand these facts about our blood? Scientific Method

20.    What two things did the Scientific Revolution emphasize over previous inaccurate methods of understanding the world? 

a.        Reason

b.        Systematic observation

21.    The Scientific Revolution led to the creation of the best tool to understand our world. What is the name of that tool? Scientific Method

22.    What kind of investigation was promoted by the SR?  Scientific Investigation

English Civil War and Glorious Revolution

23.    What did English Monarchs in early 1600s claimed they had over Parliament and the law? Divine Right of Kings

24.    Who opposed this concept of royal supremacy?  Parliament

25.    The throne passed from Queen Elizabeth -> James I (her cousin, also King of Scotland) ->? (Look at the picture if you need a hint!) Charles I

26.    What did he believe in? Catholicism

27.    What religion did he sympathize with even though he was not a member of that religious group? Catholicism

28.    What group would not support Charles I?  Parliament

29.    What did Parliament want from the king in exchange for raising more money through taxes for the king?  Guaranteed rights

30.    In response to Parliament demanding more rights what did the king tried to do to members of parliament than lead to the Civil War breaking out?  Arrest them

31.    Who were the Puritans (see vocab list in notes)?  Members of the Anglican Church that wanted to “purify” England of Catholic influences.

32.    What organization did Puritans dominate? Parliament

33.    In England’s Civil War, who did Cavaliers support?   The king

34.    Who did the Roundheads support?  Parliament

35.    Who wins the English Civil War? Parliament

36.    Who led the Roundheads and Parliament? Oliver Cromwell

37.    What did Cromwell abolish?  Monarchy

38.    What type of government did Cromwell declare England after the war was?  A Commonwealth

39.    How did Charles I die? He was beheaded by Parliament

40.    What religious group was Cromwell a member of? He was a strict Puritan

41.    What did was “outlawed” during Cromwell’s rule (ex. Going to bars)? Fun, any inkling of an enjoyable social life.

42.    After tiring of dealing with Parliament, Cromwell had them dissolved and created a new government called the…Protectorate

43.    What type of leader was Cromwell in this new gov’t? Military dictator

44.    Who replaced Cromwell after he died, restoring the Monarchy to England? Charles II

45.    What was the name of the restoring of the English Monarchy?  Glorius Revolution

46.    What was Charles II nick name, he earned for bringing back “fun” to England?  Merry Monarch

47.    Who gained the throne after Charles II died? James II

48.    What did Parliament ask James II to do when had a son, which many feared would to establish a Catholic dynasty in England? Give up his crown

49.    Why is it called a Glorious Revolution, was it violent or peaceful? It was peaceful which is why it is the Glorious Revolution

50.    Who replaced James II as king? William and Mary

51.    What did they have to sign in order to be given the throne? English Bill of Rights

52.    Who was supreme in England?  Parliament or the King & Queen? Parliament

53.    The English Bill of Rights protected who’s rights? Private citizen’s rights

 Absolute Monarchs

54.    Who holds all the power in an Absolute Monarchy? The Monarch

55.    What is the Monarch attempting to do to the governments power?  Centralize the government’s power to their control

56.    What are the two justifications for Absolute Monarchies?

a.        Divine Right of the King

b.        Thomas Hobbes belief in the need for a strong king to peace and the country together.

57.    In the theory of Divine Right of Kings who gives the ruler the authority to rule? God

58.    Who believed that governments needed a strong absolute king in order to maintain the peace? Thomas Hobbes

59.    What country was ruled by the Bourbon King and became the most powerful nation in Europe? France

60.    During the age of Absolute Monarch what was the most powerful nation in Europe?  France

61.    Who was the first Bourbon king of France who also was a Huguenot?  Henry IV

62.    A Huguenot is a (answer is in the vocab list in the lecture and notes)…French Protestant that follows the Calvinist beliefs

63.    Why did he convert to Catholicism?  For unity

64.    What Edict did he issue? Edict of Nantes

65.    Who did it grant religious freedom to?  Huguenots

66.    Who next inherited the throne after Henry IV was assassinated? Louis XIII

67.    What advisor did he turn over his power to? Cardinal Richelieu

68.    He used his power to strengthen the monarchy be reducing which two groups power in France?

a.        The nobles

b.       The Huguenots

69.    What war did Richelieu exploit in order to weaken the Hapsburgs of Austria and Spain? The Thirty Years War

70.    Who was the next king after Louis XIII (13^th)? Louis XIV

71.    What was his nickname?  The Sun King

72.    What famous “building” (more like a city!) did he build and then live in? Palace of Versailles

73.    What was it a symbol of? Royal power 

74.    What famous quote sums up the three things he wanted France to have? “One king, one law, one faith”

75.    What famous Edict did he revoke? Edict of Nantes

76.    What is the translation of another of his famous quotes, “L’état, C’est Moi!”? I am the State

77.    Unfortunately, the cost of achieving Louis XIV’s (14^th) goals left France in what state? It left it’s peasants even poorer and the taxes became higher

78.    What royal family started in Austria but eventually came to rule Spain also? The Hapsburgs

79.    Which king ruled all of the family’s lands in Austria and Spain (he was also the Holy Roman Emperor)? Charles V

80.    He ruled a very large empire, the largest since who? Charlemagne

81.    What were his two main goals? 

a.       He wanted to end the Protestant________ ___Reformation___________

b.       He wanted to unite Europe in a ______Catholic_________ empire.

82.    Did he succeed at either of those goals?  Yes or No

83.    When he abdicated (gave up his crown) what happened to his empire? His empire was divided between His brother and his son

84.    The Habsburg lands in Europe included many different ethnic and cultural groups that eventually developed ____nationalism___________ (desire to be ruled by people of the same cultural group) which led to rebellions and wars.

85.    What three groups of countries did Charles V attempt to protect his empire against?

a.       Muslims

b.        Protestant

c.         French

86.    The Habsburg’s empire declined because of:

a.       It was divided by Charles V

b.       They were defeated in many wars

c.        Spain suffered from _______inflation_______ due to the influx of gold and silver from the Americas

d.       Poor Leadership

87.    What is the largest country in the world?  Russia

88.    Russia is very culturally and ethnically diverse.  True or False

89.    What church are most members of Russia a member of? Orthodox Church

90.    Russia was one of the richest countries in Europe. True or False

91.    Who was the first Czar (or Tsar) who united the Russian people?   Ivan IV

92.    What was his nickname? Ivan the Terrible

93.    What did he increase in Russia? Autocracy

94.    Who recognized that Russia need to be more like Western Europe if they wanted to be powerful and wealthy? Peter the Great

95.    He worked to westernize Russia.  What area of Europe did he attempted to make Russia like? Western Europe

96.    St. Petersburg the famous city he built was meant to act as what? The new capital and a “Window to the West” 

97.    Who continued the westernization of Russia started by Peter the Great? Catherine the Great

98.     She was famous for adding a large area of territory to Russia, roughly the size of… France

99.    What did she support? The Enlightenment

Maps: Be able to identify and locate the following: Alps (Mountains), Ural Mountains, Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Iberian Peninsula, Balkans (Balkan Peninsula).  On map two: Great Britain (England), London, Holy Roman Empire, Russia, St. Petersburg, Spain, Madrid, Austria, Vienna, France, Paris, Brandenburg-Prussia (Prussia)