Organic Compounds in Chemistry 11

• Definition: Organic compounds are compounds that contain carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms, along with other elements like oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and halogens.

• Carbon Bonding: Carbon can form single, double, or triple bonds with other carbon atoms or different elements, leading to a wide variety of organic compounds.

• Functional Groups: Organic compounds have functional groups that determine their chemical properties. Examples include hydroxyl (-OH), carbonyl (C=O), and amino (-NH2) groups.

• Isomerism: Organic compounds exhibit isomerism, where molecules with the same molecular formula have different structures and properties. This includes structural, geometric, and optical isomerism.

• Classification: Organic compounds are classified into hydrocarbons (contain only carbon and hydrogen), alcohols, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, and more based on their functional groups.

• Reactivity: Organic compounds undergo various reactions such as addition, substitution, elimination, and oxidation-reduction reactions, leading to the formation of new compounds.

• Importance: Organic compounds are essential for life as they form the basis of biomolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. They are also crucial in industries for making plastics, pharmaceuticals, and more.

• Study: In Chemistry 11, students learn about the basics of organic chemistry, nomenclature, properties, reactions, and the significance of organic compounds in daily life and industry

  Drawing Organic Compounds of Alkanes

  • Alkanes: Saturated hydrocarbons with single bonds between carbon atoms.

  • Structural Formula: Shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule.

  • Condensed Structural Formula: Simplified version of the structural formula.

  • Skeletal Formula: Represents carbon atoms as intersections or ends of lines.

  • Naming Alkanes: Use prefixes like meth-, eth-, prop-, but- for 1-4 carbon atoms.

  • Bonding: Each carbon atom forms 4 single bonds with other atoms.

  • Isomers: Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures.

  • Drawing Steps:

    1. Determine the number of carbon atoms in the alkane.

    2. Draw a chain of carbon atoms, ensuring each carbon has 4 bonds.

    3. Add hydrogen atoms to satisfy carbon's valency (C-C bond: 2 H atoms, C-H bond: 1 H atom).

    4. Check for isomers by rearranging the carbon chain.

  • Examples:

    • Methane (CH4): Single carbon atom with 4 hydrogen atoms.

    • Ethane (C2H6): Two carbon atoms in a straight chain with 6 hydrogen atoms.

    • Propane (C3H8): Three carbon atoms in a chain with 8 hydrogen atoms.

  • Practice: Draw structures for alkanes with different carbon atom numbers to reinforce understanding.

Naming Organic Compounds of Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes

Alkanes

• Parent Chain: Longest continuous chain of carbon atoms.

• Suffix: "-ane" is added to the end of the alkane name.

• Numbering: Start from the end that gives the substituents the lowest numbers.

• Substituents: Named as alkyl groups (methyl, ethyl, etc.).

Alkenes

• Parent Chain: Longest chain containing the double bond.

• Suffix: "-ene" is added to the end of the alkene name.

• Numbering: Start from the end that gives the double bond the lowest number.

• Substituents: Named as alkyl groups.

Alkynes

• Parent Chain: Longest chain containing the triple bond.

• Suffix: "-yne" is added to the end of the alkyne name.

• Numbering: Start from the end that gives the triple bond the lowest number.

• Substituents: Named as alkyl groups.

Examples

• Alkane: 3-methylhexane (6-carbon chain with a methyl group on the 3rd carbon).

• Alkene: 2-butene (4-carbon chain with a double bond on the 2nd carbon).

• Alkyne: 3-hexyne (6-carbon chain with a triple bond on the 3rd carbon).

Remember to prioritize the lowest locants for multiple substituents and functional groups.