AP PSYCH 5.5 Forgetting and Memory Distortion
Forgetting
- Forgetting can occur when encoding was not done well enough
- The connections keeping that memory there decay and it can no longer be retrieved
- We may also fail to retrieve a memory if the connections are not strong enough and cues are not helpful enough
- Like a word on the tip of your tongue
Storage Decay
- Ebbinghaus developed the ‘forgetting curve’ to predict at what point something is forgotten
- He memorized nonsense syllables and measured at what point he forgot them over a couple days
- There was a steep drop-off of recall initially, which then leveled out
Retrieval Failure
- When information is stored but not accessible
- Can affect retrospective memory which is looking back at previous information
- Also affects prospective memory
- This is memory of something in the future
- Can be assisted with retrieval cues
- Like remembering an event you have to attend or medicine you take each morning
Interference
Proactive Interference
- Prior information disrupts new learning
- Learning a new language may be very hard when you keep thinking back to your native language
Retroactive Interference
- New information disrupts prior learning
- Or rather, the new language you’re learning is popping up in your native speech
Amnesia
Retrograde Amnesia
- Inability to remember past information or experiences
- Procedures to make new memories remain
Anterograde Amnesia
- Inability to form new memories
- Often relates to damage to the hippocampus
Source Amnesia
- Attributing an experience to the wrong source
- Quite common
Ways to Improve Memory
- Make new information meaningful with links and associations
- Distribute practice
- Activate retrieval cues
- Use the testing effect
- Chunk information
- Use mnemonics
- Get good and consistent sleep