APHUG Unit 3

Culture- shared practices, attitudes, and behaviors passed down through a society

cultural traits

1. food preferences- different types of food that a culture likes to eat and the food they eat can show their history

2. architecture- similar buildings can show a shared national aspect.

3. land use-the way a culture modifies the land they inhabit

attitudes toward cultural differences

1. cultural relativism- the evaluation of another culture by that culture’s own standards, recognizing cultures for their differences and not judging

2. ethnocentrism- an evaluation of another culture by their own culture’s standards, judging cultures for being different from their own

cultural landscape- how people modify their land in a way that reflects their culture

factors shaping cultural landscapes

1. agricultural and industrial practices- different ways of farming and ways of engaging in economic activity

2. religion- the buildings that are constructed to show their faith

3. linguistic characteristics- language that the signs are written in

4. sequent occupance- sequence of occupancy, cultural marks left on a landscape left by the people that lived there before them

5. traditional vs postmodern architecture- traditional architecture means that buildings are built with local materials and are built to fit the needs of local people, modern shows function over form and postmodern showed form over function; the look of the building is just as important as the stuff going on inside.

values and cultural landscapes

1. ethnicity- cultural traits that a group shares that distinguishes them from other groups

2. gender- the amount of equality and what women are allowed to do, women in the workplace allows for more childcare facilities and other benefits

3. ethnic neighborhoods- people of similar origin working together and creating an area for them, could also be a cause of redlining(choosing where certain people can or can not live)

4. indigenous communities

placemaking- process of people modifying land to live in it

sense of place- thinking about that place and filling it with meaning, memories

sense of place factors

1. language- dialects(ways of speaking the same language), people feel a great connection to their language

2. religion

3. ethnicity

centripetal force- forces that bring people together

centrifugal force- forces that can drive people apart

cultural diffusion- the process by whihc a cultural trait spreads from one place to another

cultural hearth-place where people of similar particular ethnic or cultural identities originate

types of diffusion

1. relocation diffusion- spread of cultural traits as people migrate

2. expansion diffusion - the spread of cultural traits from one area to another through contact, while the original trait remains in place, there are three types of expansion diffusion, next 3 are the types

3. contagious diffusion - the rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population, often resulting from direct contact

4. hierarchical diffusion - the spread of cultural traits from one key person or node of authority to other individuals or populations, often influenced by social stratification or economic status

5. stimulus diffusion - occurs when a cultural trait spreads, but is adapted or altered by those receiving it, resulting in a new version of the original idea

historical causes of diffusion

1. colonialism and imperialism- colonialism is when a powerful state creates settlements in another place for the purpose of economic or political gain; imperialism is when a powerful states creates policies to extend power over to another place

2. trade- traders as they travel carry their religious and cultural beliefs and ideas

effects of cultural difusion

1. lingua franca- a main language that is used to communicate to others that people adopt

2. creolization- two languages being combined to create a new distinct language

large scale cultural changes

1. globalization - the increasing interconnectedness of the world economically, politically, and socially which facilitates the exchange of cultures and ideas across borders.

2. urbanization- movement of people from rural areas into urban areas(cities)

how urban culture diffuses

1. media- shows, movies, news, etc.

2. technological change- people watch the same videos and information throughout the world

3. politics- united nations and groups similar to that work together to make decisions and this spreads the culture

4. economics- online shopping allows for diffusion of items all over the world

cultural convergence- as two or more cultures interact they adopt each other’s traits and ideas making them more similar

cultural divergence-as two or more cultures interact they can be rejected and spread apart keeping their own cultural beliefs/traditions and ideas

language categories

1. family- largest, share a common ancestral language which no longer exists

2. branch- a group of related languages that have diverged from a common ancestor, displaying both similarities and differences in vocabulary, grammar, and phonetics

3. dialects- different pronunciations of words and spellings

all religions have distinct places of origin

religion categories

1. universalizing religions- religions that appeal to people of a wide variety of cultures

2. ethnic religions - religions that are closely tied to specific cultural or ethnic groups and do not seek to convert others

toponyms- name of a place

names of a place can shows religious diffusion

outcomes of cultural diffusion

1. acculturation- adopt some traits of another culture but still retain their own cultures

2. assimilation- when people adopt all characteristics of culture around them, forced assimilation forces people to learn the culture, voluntary is by choice

3. syncretism- when two or more cultural traits blend together to create a new cultural trait

4. multiculturalism- don’t fully assimilate but still maintain their own cultural identities, while other groups around them do the same