DHY 207
Basic Pathology
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Concepts of the Pathologic Process
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Etiology
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Etiology: Extrinsic
Microorganisms
Bacteria
Fungi
Viruses
Physical agents
Temperature
Electricity
Ionizing radiation
UV radiation
Ultrasound
Microwaves
Lasers
Chemical agents
Poison
Acid
Venom
Drugs
Lead
Mercury
Mechanical agents
Knives
Guns
Motor vehicle accidents
Bad luck
Nutritional deficiencies
Scurvy
Rickets
Excess obesity
Iatrogenic
Infective endocarditis
Hospital infections
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Etiology: Intrinsic
Genetic
Sickle cell disease
Cystic fibrosis
Some breast cancers
Immunologic
Autoimmune
Lupus
Rheumatoid arthritis
Hypersensitivity
Allergies
Degenerative
Osteoporosis
Osteoarthritis
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Etiology: Psychogenic
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Etiology: Idiopathic
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Etiology: Multifactorial
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Risk Factors
Genetic
Immune system dysfunction
Compromised first-line defenses
Skin, exocrine
Age
Lifestyle
Stress
short/long term
Environment
Pre-existing conditions
Multiple risk factors
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Pathogenesis
The sequence of events during which cells or tissues respond to a specific etiologic agent
Terminology
Incubation period, latent period
Sign, symptom, manifestation, complication
Exacerbation, resolution, sequela, relapse
Morbidity, mortality
Prognosis
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Disease Manifestations
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Cellular Adaptations
Adaptive cellular changes occur often and for both normal and abnormal or pathologic reasons
Resolution or return to normal
Continued injury
Cell death
Atrophy: Abnormal decrease in the number of cells in an organ or tissue
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Hyperplasia: An enlargement of a tissue or organ resulting from an increase in the number of cells; the result of increased cell division
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Reversible Cellular Injury
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Irreversible Injury
Apoptosis: The programmed cell death as part of an organism’s growth or development. The cell follows a set of instructions that tell them how to die. These instructions allow the cell to die without causing inflammation or damaging any of the healthy cells around it. Apopsis is a process that allows the body to remove old and damaged cells. It is very common in developing embryos
Necrosis: The pathologic death of one or more cells, or part of tissue, or an organ that results from irreversible damage to cells. It is a uncontrolled type of cell death that happens before the end of the natural lifespan of the cell
Caseous necrosis: Unique form of cell death in which the tissue maintains a cheese-like appearance
Coagulative necrosis: Type of necrosis caused by ischemia (sudden cessation of blood flow) or infarction (obstruction of blood supply to an organ or region of tissue causing local death of the tissue
Liquefactive necrosis: Type of necrosis which results in a transformation of
the tissue into a liquid viscous mass
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