Key Concept 7.2 — Innovations in communications and technology contributed to the growth of mass culture, while significant changes occurred in internal and international migration patterns. |
I. Popular culture grew in influence in U.S. society, even as debates increased over the effects of culture on public values, morals, and American national identity. |
Youth expressed rebellion against older culture by dancing to jazz music Radio and movies new means of communication and quickly ingrained in culture - movie stars idolized and promoted heroic figures such as Babe Ruth or Chales Lindbergh Gender roles and job opportunities stayed the same for women Movies, automobiles, novels (writings of Sigmund Freud who stressed associations between sexual repression and mental illness), fashion (the flapper look), and new dance steps inspired greater promiscuity - advocacies for birth control gained greater support Universal high school education became the new American goal “Lost generation” of writers - scorned religion as hypocritical and condemned sacrifices of wartime as fraud perpetrated by money interests Art deco styles in architecture Protestant moral split between modernism and fundamentalism During prohibition people went to speakeasies where smuggled liquor was sold
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II. Economic pressures, global events, and political developments caused sharp variations in the numbers, sources, and experiences of both international and internal migrants. |
The Great Migration - as a result of the strain on industry caused by World War I and job opportunities opened by men going to war, many African Americans and Mexicans migrated North or over the border for economic reasons African Americans also faced push factors for leaving the South such as Jim Crow segregation laws and violence committed by the KKK Racial tensions/ race riots increased in Northern cities especially after World War I ended because of increased diversity as a result of the Great Migration Jazz music was brought North by African American musicians
Jewish immigrants played a major role in the development of American musical theater Largest African American community developed in the Harlem section of New York - concentration of talented actors, artists, musicians, and writers - artistic achievement named period Harlem Renaissance After World War I - influx of immigrants (mainly Catholics and Jews) from Eastern and Southern Europe Workers feared competition for jobs, nativist prejudices, and isolationists wanted minimal contact with Europe Quota laws severely limited immgration by setting quotas based on nationality - Canadians and Latin Americans exempt 500,000 Mexicans migrated legally to the Southwest
Resurgence of the KKK targeted African Americans, Catholics, Jews, foreigners, and suspected Communists
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Key Concept 7.3- Participation in a series of global conflicts propelled the United States into a position of international power while renewing domestic debates over the nation’s proper role in the world. |
I. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, new U.S. territorial ambitions and acquisitions in the Western Hemisphere and the Pacific accompanied heightened public debates over America’s role in the world. |
1867 - purchase of Alaska - Americans saw no real value in the land Advocates for an expansionist party hoped to find success through economic and diplomatic means, not military action Concerned about unrest of farmers and labor-management disputes Saw overseas expansion as an extension of the ideas of manifest destiny and social darwinism Included missionaries, politicians, naval strategists, and journalists Stories by the popular press increased public interest and stimulated demands for large US role in world affairs
Pan-American conference established for hemispheric economic and political cooperation Venezuela boundary dispute created a friendship between the US and Britain Spanish-American War Investments in Cuban sugar, Spanish misrule of Cuba, and the Monroe doctrine were all reasons the US justified their intervention with Cuba Jingoism - intense form of nationalism - aggressive foregin policy Yellow press - actively promoted war fever in the United states with journalism and sensationalist reporting - exaggerated or false accounts of Spanish atrocities in Cuba McKinley’s reasons for intervention Putting an end to bloodshed and miseries in Cuba Protect US citizens living in Cuba End “injury to the commerce, trade, and business of our people” End “constant menace to our peace”
Teller Amendment - US engage in war, Cuban people would control their own government Treaty of Peace/ Paris - anti-imperialists didn’t want to take control of Philippines - treaty passed Platt amendment made Cuba a US protectorate Anti-imperialist league led by William Jennings Bryan - prevent expansion of Pacific islands
Hawaiian islands annexed in 1898 Open door policy in China - all nations had equal trading privileges with China Rooselvelt’s foregin policy - aggressive in building US reputation as a world power (Panama Canal and Roosevelt Corollary) “Gentlemen’s agreement” - Japan reduce emigration, California reduce discriminatory laws toward Japanese Americans
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IJ. +iWorld War I and its aftermath intensified ongoing debates about the nation’s role in the world and how best to achieve national security and pursue American interests. |
Lusitania crisis challenged US neutrality Eastern Republicans including Roosevelt argued for entry into the war and “preparedness” National Defense Act 1916 - increased regular army to 175,000 and approved construction of 50 warships Reasons for US entering war US government used patriotic persuasion and legal intimidation to ensure public support for the war Espionage Act 1917 - imprisonment for people who tried to incite rebellion in the armed forces Sedition Act 1918 - prohibiting anyone from making “disloyal” remarks about the government Schenck v. United States - freedom of speech could be limited when it represented a “clear and present danger” to public safety The Fourteen Points - Wilson’s first idea of the League of Nations Red Scare - anti-Communist hysteria - fueled xenophobia and immigration restrictions
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III. U.S. participation in World War II transformed American society, while the victory of the United States and its allies over the Axis powers vaulted the U.S. into a position of global, political, and military leadership. |
1930s - US “isolationism” Stimson Doctrine - refused to legitimize any regime that had been established with force Good-neighbor policy - Roosevelt pledged to never intervene in the internal affairs of Latin America Recognized Soviet Union for trading purposes Neutrality act to ensure US would remain neutral if war broke out in Europe America First Committee - isolationists mobilized public opinion against war Appeasement - allowed Hitler to get away with relatively small acts of aggression and expansion Quarantine speech - proposing that the democracies act together to “quarantine” the aggressor Roosevelt countered isolationism by gradually giving aid to the Allies “Cash and carry” - less restrictive neutrality that favored the British - belligerent could buy US arms if it used its own ships and paid cash Destroyers for bases deal - US traded destroyers for bases from the British Lend-Lease Act - permitted Britain to obtain all US arms it needed on credit Atlantic Charter - agreement between Britain and the US that the general principles after war would include self-determination, no territorial expansion, and free trade Shoot-on-Sight - ordered US navy to escort British ships carrying lend-lease materials - navy could attack all German ships on sight Roosevelt prohibited export of steel and scrap iron to Japan, froze all Japanese credits, and cut them off from oil Increase federal regulation and power for mobilization for World War II US high industrial output - automobiles, fighter planes, tanks - concentrated production in largest corporations Government worked with scientists and universities - advances with electronics, radar, sonar, penicillin, jet engines, rockets, nuclear bombs Government paid for increase in spending through income taxes and selling war bonds Over 1.5 million African Americans left the South for jobs in the North and West - all faced continued discrimination and segregation - dozens dying in race riots in New York and Detroit Mexican Americans worked in defense industry and migration to Los Angeles stirred white resentment and led to zoot suit riots in which whites and Mexican Aericans battled in the streets 1942 - irrational fears and racism prompted US government to order Japanese Americans into internment camps 5 million women entered the workforce - many in industrial or defense plants Yalta conference - Germany divided into occupation zones, free elections in liberated countries, Soviets enter war against Japan, United Nations would be formed
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