HIS_102_-_Study_guide

Age of Reason & Scientific Revolution

• Thomas Hobbes

  • Authored Leviathan

  • Advocated for strong central authority to maintain order.

• John Locke

  • Wrote Second Treatise on Government

  • Emphasized natural rights (life, liberty, property) and government by consent of the governed.

• Rene Descartes

  • Known for Discourse on Method

  • Famous quote: "I think, therefore I am.”

• Francis Bacon

  • Developed the scientific method based on empirical research and experimentation.

• Isaac Newton

  • Authored Principia Mathematica

  • Formulated laws of motion and universal gravitation.

• Adam Smith

  • Wrote Wealth of Nations

  • Introduced concepts of supply and demand as a foundation of economics.

American Revolution

• Benign Neglect

  • British policy allowing colonies autonomy until the need for tighter control emerged.

• French and Indian War

  • Resulted in British debt, prompting taxation of the colonies.

• Stamp Tax

  • The first direct tax imposed on the colonies, leading to widespread protests.

• Townshend Duties

  • Indirect taxes on imported goods, escalating tensions.

• Boston Massacre

  • Incident where British troops fired on protesting colonists, heightening hostilities.

• Boston Tea Party

  • Direct action against British tea monopoly, leading to significant backlash.

• Intolerable Acts

  • British legislative response to the Boston Tea Party, intensifying colonial unrest.

• First Continental Congress

  • Colonial assembly convened to address grievances against Britain.

• Lexington and Concord

  • Marked the first battles of the Revolutionary War.

French Revolution

• Three Estates

  • The social hierarchy in France composed of the Clergy, Nobility, and Commoners.

• Third Estate

  • Represented the commoners and was pivotal in pushing for reforms.

• Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette

  • Monarchs during the start of the revolution, symbolizing royal excess.

• Estates General

  • Convened to tackle the financial crisis but revealed deep-seated social tensions.

• Tennis Court Oath

  • Commitment made by members of the Third Estate to draft a new constitution.

• Storming of the Bastille

  • Significant event marking the start of the French Revolution.

• Declaration of the Rights of Man

  • Document outlining individual rights and the principles of government.

• Reign of Terror

  • Period characterized by extreme political purges and executions of perceived enemies of the revolution.

• Napoleon Bonaparte

  • Emerged as a leader following the revolution, ultimately becoming Emperor of France.

Industrial Revolution

• Why Britain?

  • Factors include abundant resources, capital for investment, and innovative spirit.

• Piece System

  • An early manufacturing model where workers performed tasks in their homes/domains.

• Flying Shuttle & Spinning Jenny

  • Innovations in textile manufacturing that drastically increased production efficiency.

• Eli Whitney

  • Inventor of the Cotton Gin, which revolutionized cotton processing and production.

• James Watt

  • Improved the steam engine, enhancing industrial growth and applications.

• Factory System & Railroads

  • Revolutionized production and transportation, leading to urbanization and economic expansion.

Essay Prompts

1. Age of Reason – Compare key thinkers and their impact on society and governance.

2. American Revolution – Analyze taxation policies implemented by Britain and colonial responses.

3. French Revolution – Explore the moderate phase and its transition to radicalization.

4. Industrial Revolution – Discuss factors leading to industrialization and analyze the impact of steam power.

Study Tip

• Focus on understanding the connections between events and ideas.

• Examine causes and effects rather than rote memorization of terms.

Flashcards Creation

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