Organic Chemistry

● Organic Compounds - primarily contain hydrogen and carbon ● Organic Chemistry - the branch of chemistry that deals with carbon compounds ● Aliphatic Hydrocarbons - do not contain the benzene group ● Unsaturated Hydrocarbon - contains only single bonds between the carbon atoms ● Saturated Hydrocarbon - contains double or triple bonds between carbon atoms ● Aromatic Hydrocarbons - contain one or more benzene rings ● Alkane Series (Paraffins) - CnH2n+2 ● Homologous Series - one in which each member differs from the next by a -CH2 - ● Alkane Nomenclature - prefix-ROOT-suffix ● Root - tells the number of C atoms in the longest continuous chain in the molecule ● Prefix - identifies the group attached to the main chain and the number of the carbon to which it is attached ● The suffix - tells the type of organic compound the molecule represents ● Halogenation - the replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by halogen atoms ● Radical - an atom that contains an unpaired electron ● Alkyl Halides - alkanes in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by a halogen atom ● Cycloalkanes - alkanes whose carbon atoms are joined in rings ● Isomer - two or more hydrocarbon compounds with the same molecular formula but different properties ● Structural Isomer - isomers with different arrangements of bonded atoms ● Stereoisomerism - same arrangement of atoms but different orientation of groups in space ● Optical Isomerism - when to objects are mirror images of each other and cannot be superimposed ● Chiral Molecule - an asymmetric molecule with a carbon atom that is bonded to four different groups ● Chiral Center - an asymmetric carbon ● Alkane Series (Olefins) - CnH2n ● Ethene (Ethylene) - the simplest alkene ● Geometric (Cis-trans) Isomer - same type, number of atoms, and chemical bonds but different spatial arrangements ● Cis - if two alkyl groups are on the same side of the bond ● Trans - if the two alkyl groups lie on opposite sides of the double bond ● Addition Reaction - parts of a reactant react to each carbon atom of a C=C bond, which converts to a C-C on a single bond ● Markovnikov’s Rule - the H atom of an unsymmetrical reagent such as HCl, HBr, and H-OH bonds with the carbon atom with the greater number of hydrogen atoms attached to it ● Alkyne Series - CnH2n-2 ● Ethyne (acetylene) - the simplest alkyne ● Elimination Reaction - occurs when a saturated reactant becomes an unsaturated product ● Substitution Reaction - occurs when an atom or group from an added reagent substitutes for one in the organic reactant ● Alcohol - a compound obtained by substituting a hydroxyl group (-OH). Example: Methanol ● Ethers - groups containing R-O-R’ linkage. Example: dimethyl ether ● Aldehydes - containing at least one hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon in the carbonyl group (-CHO). Example: Methanal (formaldehyde) ● Ketone - containing a carbonyl group with two hydrocarbon groups attached to it (R-CO-R’). Example: Propanone (acetone) ● Carboxylic Acid - groups containing the carboxyl group, -COOH. The suffix for the stem name is “-oic acid”. Example: Methanoic Acid ● Esters - have the general formula R’-COOR in which R’ can be H, an alkyl or aromatic hydrocarbon group. The suffix for the stem name is “-oate”. Example: Ethyl Ethanoate ● Amines - organic bases that have the general formula R3N. The suffix for the stem name is “-amine”. Example: Ethanamine