Cellular Basis of Life
The Cell Cycle
Growth, Repair, & Reproduce
New cells are called daughter cells.
Reproduction in Prokaryotes
Binary fission- 1 cell divides into 2 daughter cells
Asexual reproduction
Divide every 20 minutes
Sexual Reproduction
Homologous Chromosomes
Chromosomes can be examined by amniocentesis
The display of the chromosomes is called karyotype
2. Each chromosome has a twin referred to as a homologous chromosome
homologous pairs contain the same type of information
The genes may have different versions of the same trait
Ex: (eyes: blues/brown)
Diploid and Haloid Cells
Haploid cells (n) have one set of chromosomes
Human sex cells (23)
3. When two sex cells (gametes) are joined (fertilization) a zygote is formed
Cancer
Benign tumor is a mass of normal cells
Malignant tumor is a mass of cancer cells
Cancer is a disease caused when cells divide and grow out of control
When cancer spreads, it is called metastasis
Cancer is treated by:
Radiation
Chemotherapy
Meiosis & Variations
The Stages of Meiosis
Meiosis I: separation of homologous pairs
Prophase I: Crossing over b/w homologous pairs
Metaphase I: homologous pairs line up
Anaphase I: homologous pairs separate
Telophase I: homologous pairs sometimes relax (interkinesis)
Meiosis II (same as mitosis): separation of sister chromatids
Causes of Genetic Variations
DNA: The Language of Life (Chapter 11 Lesson)
The Structure of DNA
History
4. DNA- Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Hereditary material of the cell
Makes up genes
Determines the traits of all living things
Located in the nucleus
Nucleotides
1. DNA (polymer) is composed of long chains of four different nucleotides (monomers)
2. Each nucleotide has:
phosphate group
sugar (deoxyribose)
nitrogenous base
adenine A
thymine T
guanine G
cytosine C
3. Adenine and Guanine are Purines (2 rings)
4. Thymine and Cytosine are Pyrimidines (1 ring)
5. DNA strands form when nucleotides join together
Repeating sugar-phosphate “Backbone”
nitrogenous bases are lined up
6. Two strands join together by hydrogen bonds
The Double Helix
1. Franklin & Wilkins and Watson & Crick determine the structure
2. DNA resembles a twisted ladder
Sugar-phosphate on the outside
Complementary nitrogenous bases pair on the inside
A - T
C - G
DNA Replication & Mutations
DNA Replication
1. Replication is the process used to make a copy of DNA
2. During DNA replication:
The two complementary strands separate to form templates
Free nucleotides line up with complementary bases
New strands are covalently bonded
Enzymes control the process
Replication is semi-conservative
Protein Production
From Gene to Protein