PHS Spring Final 2025 Study Guide

1.Know the different levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

1. Self actualization: personal growth, reaching full potential

2. Esteem: respect, achievement, self-esteem

3. Love/belonging: relationships, friends/family

4. Safety: security, health, employement

5. Physiological: food/shelter/sleep

2. Know the health science career pathways and what each does

• Therapeutic: treat patients

• Diagnositc: identify diseases/inuuries

• Health informatics: manage patient data

• Biotech R&D: research disease and treatment

3.Know the following terms:

Negligence

Failure to provide expected care

Ethics

Moral principles in healthcare

Defamation

Damaging someone’s reputation

DNR

Do not resuscitate order

Palliative care

Comfort care for chronic/terminal illness

Slander

Spoken defamation

Libel

Written defamation

Therapeutic diet

Modified diet for health reasons

Osteoporosis

Weak, brittle bones

Arthritis

Joint inflammation

Glaucoma

Increased eye pressure causing vision loss

Nocturia

Urinating at night

Emphysema

Damaged lung air sacs

Dysphagia

Difficulty swallowing

Deductible

Amount paid before insurance starts covering

Copayment

Set fee per medical service

Premium

Monthly cost of insurance

Coinsurance

Shared cost between insurer and insured

Living will

Documents wishes for end-of-life care

Medical power of attorney

Designated someone to make healthcare decisions

Digestion

Break food down

Absorption

Moves nutrients in body

Metabolism

Uses those nutrients for energy and growth

4. What is legally mandated when a contract is presented to a non English speaking person?

interpreter

5. Know the type of care provided for long term care facilities, home health care, emergency 

care services, industrial health centers, hospice agencies

Long-term care facility: for elderly, people with physical or mental disabilities, and individuals with
chronic or long-term illness

Home healthcare: care in patients home

Emergency care services:accidents or sudden illnesses

Industrial health centers: healthcare for employee of the industry 

Hospice agencies:for terminally people who usually have a life expectancy of 6 months or less. Offer
palliative care.

6. Know what the CDC, WHO, OSHA, FDA do:

CDC: disease control and prevention(U.S.)

WHO: global health policies and epidemics

OSHA: workplace safety

FDA: regulate food, drug, and medical devices

7. Know who Medicaid, Medicare, Tricare and CHIP provide service to

Medicaid: low-income individuals and family

Medicare :individuals aged 65 and older, as well as certain younger individuals with disabilities or End-Stage Renal Disease

Tricare: military members and families

CHIP: children and sometimes pregnant women in families whose income is too high to qualify for Medicaid but who cannot afford private health insurance

8. Know military time

9. Know Roman Numerals up to 50

I=1, V=5, X=10, L=50

10. Know the different stages of grief

1. Denial

2. Anger

3. Bargaining

4. Depression

5. Acceptance

11. Know some of the major characteristics of the different life stages

Infancy: rapid growth, basic motor skills

Early childhood: language, independence

Late childhood: reasoning, social development

Adolescence: identity, puberty, independence

Early adulthood: career, relationships

Middle adulthood: family, productivity

Late adulthood: reflection, physical decline

12. Who are the people considered to have a legal disability?

Minors, mentally incompetent, under the influence, unconscious

13. Know what the FDA regulated claims on food products mean

Free- no/small amount

Reduced- 25% less than usual

Low/very low- small amount per serving

Fortified/enriched- nutrients added

14. Know the ethical principles: justice, autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence

Justice-fairness

Autonomy-patients’ right to choose

Beneficence- doing good

Nonmaleficence-do no harm

15. Purpose of organizational charts in health care facilities

Shows chain of command, reporting structure and roles within a healthcare facility

16. What does HIPAA protect

Patient privacy and health information

17. How do you correct errors made in a patient’s chart?

Draw one line through the error(not white-out), write “error”, your initials, and write the correct information nearby never erase