English conquest in the New World

English explorer the Americas

• During the late 1500s explorer from England, France and the Netherlands began to explore America

• English explorers- Francis Drake, a privateer, and Italian born John Cabot challenged beans claims to America

• Queen Elizabeth, the first built England into a sea power, which began a key chain of events:

  • Religious issues caused Spain in England to go to war

  • In 1588, the Spanish king and a fleet of 130 ships, called the Spanish Armada to invade England

  • England superior Navy, defeated the Spanish Armada, leading England free to build American colonies

The English defeated the Spanish Armada, and establish several American colonies

• after the defeat of the Spanish armada English colonist came to America for many reasons, including economic opportunity and adventure

• King James issues, a charter, dividing North America between two groups of investors, the London company, and the Plymouth company

• These companies were joint stock ventures in which investors pulled their money, hoping to make a profit

• The companies governed, and maintained the colonies, and received most of the profit

Jamestown

• Settled in 1607 this was the first English colony to survive, despite disease, contaminated water, and lack of food

• Imposed military discipline on the colonist, help them survive hardships

• John Rolf, who discovered tobacco and learned from his wife, Pocahontas, made the colony profitable

Events in Virginia history

• Formation of the house of burgess, which was America’s first legislator or law, making body

• Use of indentured servants who worked for a number of years in exchange for food shelter, and paid passage to America

• Transition to slave lever by the late 1600s

The Puritans, seeking religious freedom, founded northern colonies

• English protestants who thought the reformation did not go far enough were known as Puritans

• Puritans were known as separate, wanted total separation from the established church

  • Go to Lyden Netherlands,Don’t speak Dutch, Immigrants, a non-religious country

• Separatist who left for America were known as the pilgrims

• In 1620 a group of separatist sail to America on a ship called the mayflower. Two months later, they reach present day Massachusetts.

• The program signed the Mayflower compact, A legal Contract agreeing to make laws to protect the people. It was one of the first attempts at self government in the English colonies.

  • Squanto = Wampanoag Indian, translator

  • Samoset = the first contact of the Pawtucket people

  • Massasoit = Pawtucket chief

  • William Bradford = 2nd governor of Plymouth, wrote “ Of Plymouth Plantation”

  • John Carver = 1st governor of Plymouth, died of possible stroke

  • John Billington = kidnapped by Nausett Indians, trouble makers on Mayflower

  • Oceanus = baby born on Mayflower

Northern colonies

• The pilgrims who signed the mayflower compact established this colony. They grew their own food and built their own houses.

• Harsh conditions which killed the colonist, included, hunger and sickness

• Those who survived had help from the friendly local Indians

Massachusetts Bay colony

• This colony was established as a religious and the headquarters of the Massachusetts bay company

• The comedy success inspired the great migration, 16,000 English settlers, cross the Atlantic ocean and settles in New England

Other northern colonies

• In the strict rules of the Puritan, colonies cause dissenters to leave and settle new towns in other parts of New England

• These colonies included, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire

  • Connecticut - 1st governor is John Haynes

  • Rhode Island - 1st governor is Nicholas Cooke (Puritans who didn’t agree with other puritans)

Southern and Northern Colonies

New York

• Granted to James, Duke of York, as a birthday present

• Already belonged to the Dutch

• Conquered by the English in 1644 and renamed New York

• Later, a large tract James gave to 2 prospectors became New Jersey

• England in a civil war, James Cromwell ruled England, a puritan

Pennsylvania

• Given to William Penn

• Founded as a haven for quakers and called a “holy experiment”

• Decreased in size when penn agreeed to give native Americans present day Delaware

• Gives New Jersey to two people, George Carteret got Eastern, New Jersey, William Berkeley got western New Jersey

The Carolinas and Georgia

• Carolina comp

• Carolina co-owned by eight men

• Split into north and south due to tensions over farm size and slavery

• Georgia was formed as a military buffer between English and Spanish colonies

Maryland

• Founded by George Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore

• Was a Haven for Catholics after the church of England became England’s official church

• Was a source of personal wealth for Calvert

The struggle for North America

• In 1754 disputes erupt in the Ohio valley between the French and England

• The complex was known in the Americas as the French and Indian war

• In Europe, it was known as the seven years war

• 1660-1763 - England/France, 4 wars

• Allies:

  • French- Spain, Austria, Huron, Algonquin

  • England- Prussians, Mohawk, Pequot, Iroquois

A strained relationship

• English and Dutch had cooperative relationships with the native Americans- fur trade

• English push natives of their land- Saw them as agents of the devil

• 1622 - Powhatan Indians, attack English settlements and killed 350 settlers

• Settlers strike back in mass the Powhatan

• 1675 King Phillips war resulted in a massacre on both sides

• Metacom ( King Philip) Was the second of Wampanoag chief Massasoit, let a bloody uprising of Wampanoag, Nipmuck, and Narragansett tribes on colonial villages throughout Massachusetts

• King Philip was defeated after almost a year of fighting - He was eventually killed by New England militia

Aftermath of the conflict with natives

• King Phillips, who was considered by many to be the deadliest war in New England during the history of European settlement in North America, and proportion to the colony.

• In the space of little more than a year 12 times were destroyed, and many more damaged

• Economies of Rhode Island, and Plymouth colony were all but ruined, and the population was decimated losing 1/10 of all man available, available for military service in those two colonies

• More than half of New England town were attacked by Indians. King Phillips war began the development of an independent American identity.

• The colonist trials without significant English government support, and this gave them a group identity, separate, and distinct from those who lived in Britain

• The Salem witch trials are also a consequence. Mostly women were accused, the poor accused the rich, children were the main accusers

• Women, Indians, and animals were considered agents of the devils.

• Refugees went to neighboring towns