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APUSH amsco 2.3 vocab

Key Terms by Theme (Expanded)

Religion (SOC)

  • Cecil Calvert, Lord Baltimore – Catholic noble who founded Maryland (1632) as the first proprietary colony; intended it as a haven for persecuted Catholics.

  • Act of Toleration (1649) – Maryland law granting religious freedom to all Christians, but imposed the death penalty for denying Jesus’ divinity; first colonial statute on toleration.

  • Roger Williams – Banished Puritan minister; founded Providence (1636); supported religious freedom, separation of church/state, and fair land dealings with Natives.

  • Providence – Settlement in Rhode Island; allowed worship freedom for all, including Catholics, Quakers, and Jews, and recognized Native land rights.

  • Anne Hutchinson – Puritan dissenter who taught antinomianism; banished from Mass. Bay; founded Portsmouth (1638), later merged with Providence.

  • Antinomianism – Belief that faith alone, not moral law or deeds, brings salvation; opposed strict Puritan teachings.

  • Rhode Island – Colony founded by Williams and Hutchinson; noted for religious tolerance and as a refuge for dissenters.

  • Halfway Covenant (1660s) – Allowed partial church membership for Puritans’ children without a conversion experience; attempt to keep influence as faith weakened.

  • Quakers (Religious Society of Friends) – Persecuted sect; believed in “inner light”, equality, pacifism, no clergy, and democratic practices; settled mainly in Pennsylvania.

  • William Penn – Quaker leader; founded Pennsylvania (1681) with a charter from Charles II; promoted tolerance, representative government, and fair treatment of Natives.

  • Holy Experiment – Penn’s plan for Pennsylvania as a religious refuge for persecuted people, liberal government, and fair Native relations.

  • Charter of Liberties (1701) – Pennsylvania constitution; guaranteed freedom of worship, immigration rights, and a representative assembly.

Crops (GEO)

  • Rice-growing plantations – South Carolina’s economy; dependent on enslaved African labor skilled in rice cultivation.

  • Tobacco farms – Key cash crop in Virginia + North Carolina; profitable in Europe; started with indentured servants, later shifted to enslaved Africans.

Settlements (ARC)

  • Jamestown (1607) – First permanent English settlement, founded by Virginia Company; struggled with disease, famine, conflicts with Natives.

  • Captain John Smith – Leader who enforced discipline, helping Jamestown survive early years.

  • John Rolfe – Experimented with tobacco, making it profitable; married Pocahontas, linking English and Powhatan peoples.

  • Pocahontas – Daughter of Powhatan chief; helped Jamestown’s survival; marriage to Rolfe encouraged temporary peace.

  • Virginia – Became first royal colony (1624) after Virginia Company’s charter was revoked; part of Chesapeake colonies.

  • Plymouth Colony (1620) – Founded by Separatists/Pilgrims seeking religious freedom; wrote Mayflower Compact; aided by Natives; survived on fish, furs, lumber.

  • Separatists – Radical dissenters who wanted a complete break from the Church of England; some became Pilgrims.

  • Pilgrims – Separatists who founded Plymouth; endured harsh voyage + winter; celebrated first Thanksgiving (1621).

  • Mayflower – Ship carrying ~100 Pilgrims/others; landed in Massachusetts instead of Virginia.

  • Massachusetts Bay Colony (1630) – Founded by Puritans with a royal charter; led by John Winthrop; centered in Boston.

  • Puritans – Moderate dissenters; wanted to purify Church of England, not separate completely; settled Mass. Bay.

  • John Winthrop – Puritan governor; envisioned colony as “city upon a hill” and model for Christian living.

  • Great Migration (1630s) – ~15,000 Puritans left England for Massachusetts during religious/political turmoil.

  • Thomas Hooker – Founded Hartford (1636); helped write Fundamental Orders of Connecticut.

  • John Davenport – Founded New Haven (1637), which later merged with Hartford into Connecticut.

  • Connecticut – Known for Fundamental Orders (1639), giving broad self-rule.

  • New Hampshire – Separated from Mass. Bay (1679); became a royal colony.

  • The Carolinas – Land grant to nobles (1663); split into South Carolina (rice, slavery) and North Carolina (small tobacco farms).

  • New York – Taken from Dutch (1664); granted to Duke of York (James II); tensions over representation.

  • New Jersey – Split from NY (1664), briefly proprietary, became royal colony (1702).

  • Pennsylvania – Quaker colony founded by William Penn; known for Holy Experiment.

  • Delaware – Lower 3 counties of Penn.; gained separate assembly (1702).

  • Georgia (1732) – Last colony; founded as a defensive buffer vs. Spanish Florida and as a refuge for debtors.

  • James Oglethorpe – Philanthropist, first governor of Georgia; initially banned slavery + rum (later overturned).

Self-Rule (PCE)

  • Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639) – First written constitution; provided for elected legislature + governor.

  • Frame of Government (1682–1683) – Penn’s plan; guaranteed representative assembly and religious toleration.

  • Virginia House of Burgesses (1619) – First representative assembly in the colonies; power over taxes/laws.

  • Mayflower Compact (1620) – Pilgrims’ agreement to rule by majority decision, early self-government example.

Authority (WOR)

  • Corporate colonies – Run by joint-stock companies for profit (e.g., Jamestown early years).

  • Royal colonies – Under direct control of the king (e.g., Virginia after 1624).

  • Proprietary colonies – Controlled by individuals granted charters (e.g., Maryland, Pennsylvania).

  • Virginia Company – Joint-stock company that founded Jamestown.

  • Chesapeake colonies – Region of Virginia + Maryland, focused on tobacco.

  • Joint-stock company – Business model where investors pooled resources for profit, spreading risk.