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PCB (Printed Circuit Board)

- A PCB is used to mechanically support and electrically conet electronic components.

The board is made from insulating materials and has conductive pathways etched on it.

Development of PCB

- Paul Eisler is credited with developing the PCB in the 1930s while working on a radio set. He is considered the inventor of the modern PCB.

Solder Mask Purpose

- PCB serves to prevent oxidation and solder bridges from forming between adjacent conductors. It also enhances the appearance and reliability of the PCB.

Types of PCB

Single-Layer PCB

- contains only one layer of conductive material. Common in simple electronic circuits like calculators and power supplies.

Double-Layer PCB

- has two layers of conductive material, allowing for more complex circuits. Used in industrial controls and power monitoring systems.

Multi Layered PCB

- Used in complex devices like computers, laptops, and mobile phones, featuring multiple copper layers for high-density applications.

Flex PCB

• Made from flexible material, used in wearable and portable devices.

Rigid PCB

made of a solid substrate material, preventing bending. Found in automotive and medical

devices.

Rigid-Flex PCB

- A hybrid of rigid and flexible PCBs. Used in aerospace, military, and medical applications for compact and durable designs.

PCB Etching Process

Ferric Chloride

•   is commonly used in etching solutions. The process involves removing the unwanted copper from the PCB to form the circuit patterns.

•   The first step is preparing the materials, while the last step is removing the permanent ink after the etching is complete.

Soldering

•   Soldering is the process of joining metals with melted soldering lead to form electrical connections.

•   The purpose of flux is to prevent oxidation and improve the flow of the solder.

- Before soldering, it is critical to clean the PCB copper pads and the leads of the components to ensure a good connection.

Hand Soldering

is preferred for precision, especially when working with delicate components.

Desoldering and Soldering Issues

•   If the soldering iron tip is dull and grainy, it's likely due to excessive heating or insufficient maintenance.

•   When desoldering, a desoldering pump is the best tool for removing excess solder.

Vernier Caliper

- is used to measure linear dimensions with high precision.

Main Scale

- The is used for reading the main dimension, and the vernier scale allows for more precise readings by aligning the divisions.

Reading a Vernier Caliper

- To calculate the final reading: Main scale reading + Vernier scale reading.

Measuring Types

Step Measurement

- used for measuring the height difference between two surfaces.

Inner Measurement

- used to measure the inner diameter or thickness of an object.

Outer Measurement

- used for measuring the outer diameter.

Summary of Key Points for Measurement

Main Scale

- shows the initial measurement.

Vernier Scale

- provides the precise measurement, typically to a smaller decimal place.

Final Measurement

- combine both the main scale and the aligned vernier scale reading to get the total measurement

Adjustment

- if the caliper jaws slip during measurement, adjust the thumb screw or lock screw to secure them.

Quick Tips for Using a Vernier Caliper

Keep te lape are detand o damaged in avoid in purse redie measuring.

Binary System

•   The binary system is a numerical system that consists only of 1s and Os.

•   It is the foundation of digital electronics and computing.

Signals in Electronics

•   A signal in electronics refers to a voltage that varies over time.

•   An analog signal produces a smooth and continuous waveform.

•   A digital signal forms a square wave pattern.

° islite as have nite set of possie values, whereas analog signals have

Reading Analog Input

° The fis ption analog Reado in Arduino is used to read voltage levels from an

Analog Output Range

• The analogWrite function in Arduino uses values in the range 0 to 255 (d).

Controlling LED Brightness

Trighes analogWrite is used to dim an LED by controlling its

Pins Supporting Analog Output

• On an Arduino Uno, only the pins with a ~ symbol support analogWriteD (d).

Reading Potentiometer Value

•   To eathe do from a potentiometer connected to pin Al, use int value = analogRead vs analog Write

•   analogRead reads voltage, while analog Write sets output levels (c).

Arduino Uno ADC Resolution

° The mallete is de norement Arduino Uno can detect using analog Reado with

•   Binary numbers are crucial in computing and digital circuits.

•   Analog signals are continuous, while digital signals have distinct levels.

• Apdusa dunctions like analogRead and analog WriteD are used for handling analog

•   PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) is used in analog Write to control LED brightness.

•   Analog pins (A0-A5) are used for analogRead, while digital pins with ~ support analogWrite()