Chapter 25

Sand Creek Massacre: A attack in Colorado militia killed over 150 Native Americans, mostly women and children, at camp.

Battle of Little Bighorn: A battle where Sioux and Cheyenne forces led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse defeated the U.S. Army's 7th Cavalry under General Custer.

Dawes Severalty Act: A law aimed at assimilating Native Americans by dividing tribal lands into individual allotments; surplus land was sold to non-Natives.

Battle of Wounded Knee: A massacre where U.S. troops killed over 200 Lakota Sioux, marking the end of major Native American resistance.

Frederick Jackson Turner: Historian known for his "Frontier Thesis," which argued the American frontier shaped the nation's character and democracy.

Red Cloud: A Lakota Sioux chief who successfully resisted U.S. forces during Red Cloud's War and negotiated favorable treaty terms.

Sitting Bull: A Hunkpapa Lakota leader who resisted U.S. policies and played a key role in the victory at the Battle of Little Bighorn.

Chief Joseph: Leader of the Nez Perce tribe, known for his resistance against forced relocation and his famous surrender speech, "I will fight no more forever."

Reservation System: A U.S. policy that confined Native American tribes to designated areas) to assimilate them.

John Wesley Powell: Explorer, geologist, and advocate for sustainable development in the West, emphasizing the importance of water management in arid regions