CHEM ETAPA 3 Y 4

ETAPA 3

• Friedrich Whöler: father of organic chemistry, synthesized first organic molecule, urea.

• Organic chemistry: branch of chemistry that studies compounds containing carbon (element with great ability to form compounds) and having covalent bonds.

• Acid rain: precipitation produced by the combination of rain water and pollutant gases.

• Covalent bond: It is formed when atoms share a pair of electrons, with each atom contributing one electron.

• Functional group: It is the most reactive part of the molecule, atoms that provide to the compound most of its physics and chemical  properties.

• Concatenation: It is the ability of the carbon atom to bond to another carbon atom and form long chains.

• Hybridization: It is the result of readjustment of electrons located in different pure atomic orbitals in the carbon atom. 

  TYPES OF CARBONS

• Primary carbon: A carbon atom bonded to only 1 other carbon atom and 3 hydrogen.

• Secondary carbon: A carbon atom bonded to 2 other carbon atoms and 2 hydrogen.

• Tertiary carbon: A carbon atom bonded to 3 other carbon atoms and 1 hydrogen.

• Quaternary carbon: A carbon atom bonded to four other carbon atoms, no hydrogen.

  CLASSIFICATIONS OF HYDROCARBONS:

  1. Aliphatics: can be saturated or non-saturated.

     Saturated, Alkanes: only have single covalent bonds, cant conduct electrical current, lower density than water.

     Unsaturated

     • Alkynes: cyclic form of hydrocarbons, double bond between 2 carbon atoms.

     • Alkenes: cyclic form of hydrocarbons, triple bond between 2 carbon atoms, linear structure.

  2. Cyclical

  3. Aromatics: benzene in molecular structure low reactivity, colorless liquid, lower density than water.

     These compounds can be found in liquid and solid state, uses can be in pharmaceuticals, petrochemistry, pesticides, explosives, dyes, etc.

• BLACK GOLD: oil.

• Radicals: branches that attach to the main chain of alkane (longest continuous sequence of carbon atoms).

ETAPA 4

HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVES

• Oxygenated derivatives: alcohols, ethers, esters, carboxylic acids, aldehydes and ketones.

• Alcohols: generally represented as R-OH (R represents hydrocarbon chain radicals), classified as primary, secondary or tertiary based on the functional group its attached to.

  • Primary alcohols - attached to primary carbon.

  • Secondary alcohols - attached to secondary carbon.

  • Tertiary alcohols - attached to tertiary carbon.

• Nomenclature: ending of name changes according to derivative family.

• SIMPLEST alcohols are methanol and ethanol

  • Ethers: separates 2 hydrocarbon radicals, represented as

    R-O-R’, they are functional isomers of alcohols.

  • When 2 radicals are the same, they are called symmetric ethers, when different they are called asymmetric or mixed ethers.

• Aldehydes and ketones: functional group is carbonyl (-C=O)

  • In aldehydes, carbonyl group is at end of hydrocarbon chain, in ketones, it is in the middle. They both become solids.

• Carboxylic acids: carboxyl group can be represented as R-COOH, R-CO2H. They act as weak acids

• Esters: compounds formed by carboxyl group of acids and hydroxyl group of alcohols through the reaction between OH group of the acid and hydrogen of the hydroxyl group of alcohols.

NITROGENATED DERIVATIVES

Derivatives of hydrocarbons where functional groups contain nitrogen atoms, families are amines and amides.

• Amines: assumed to be derived from ammonia, where one or more hydrogens have been replaced by hydrocarbon radicals.

• Amides: derivatives of carboxylic acids, amino group (-NH2) replaces hydroxyl group (-OH).