APWH Study guide Test

Enlightenment: Post-Renaissance period in European history devoted to the study and exploration of new ideas in science, politics, the arts, and philosophy.

• American Revolution: Conflict between American colonists and the British government, caused by growing resentments based on taxation and governing policies; Revolutionary War lasted from 1775 to

1781; ultimately ended in American independence and the first large-scale democracy since ancient Greece.

• French Revolution: Conflict between the Third Estate (peasants, townsfolk, and merchants) and the First and Second Estates (clergy and nobility, respectively) for political and social control; inspired by the American Revolution; various political factions competed for control of the government, with Napoleon Bonaparte ultimately seizing power in a coup.

• Maroon: Term for a nineteenth-century escaped slave in the Americas who established his or her own settlement away from plantations, causing tensions with colonial authorities; term is also used to describe the slaves' present-day descendants.

• Haitian Revolution: Slave revolt that lasted from 1791-1804 led by Toussaint L'Ouverture; the former French colony of Saint-Domingue became the independent nation of Haiti, the second independent nation in the Western Hemisphere and the world's first black republic.

• Latin American independence movements: Movements against Spanish colonial rule in Central and South America in the 1810s and 1820s, which led to the independence of every nation in the region; inspired by the success of the Haitian Revolution; A key leader was Simón Bolívar.

Nationalism and the Nation State

• Nationalism: The tendency of people to see themselves as part of a broader community with unifying forces such as common territory, history, culture (religion) and language, this sense of national identity and pride both fueled the expansion of empires and often occurred as a reaction against imperial rule.

In dustrialization

• Adam Smith: Scottish economist whose 1776 work The Wealth of Nations advocated a laissez-faire policy toward economics (minimal government interference), making him one of the fathers of modern capitalism.

• Factory system: System of labor that uses rigorous mechanization and large numbers of unskilled workers to mass-produce goods that were once made skillfully by hand; developed during the Industrial Revolution; the use of inter- changeable parts simplified assembly but made work repetitive.

• Global division of labor: The system in which industrialized societies utilized the raw materials of less industrialized societies (e.g., cotton from India, rubber from Brazil, metals from Central Africa) to facilitate large-scale manufacturing and transportation; the growth of these industrialized societies provided an impetus for imperialist conquests later in the nineteenth century. Sometimes referred to as dependency theory.

First Industrial Revolution: Rapid development and industrial production that occurred in European countries and the United States between 1760 and 1820; the development of the steam engine allowed steamships and early locomotives to rapidly increase the speed at which goods, people, and ideas spread.

Second Industrial Revolution: Continuing industrialization that occurred between 1870 and 1920, which included revolutionary new methods of producing steel, chemicals, and electrical power; changed society in Western Europe, Japan, and the United States by introducing new ways of working and living.

• Railroads: Steam-powered locomotives invented in England in the 1820s; started a "transportation revolution" in which mass-produced goods could be transported over- land more quickly and inexpensively than ever before; by 1900, virtually every industrialized nation had a well-developed railroad system.

Reactions to Industrialization

• Liberalism: Political and economic ideology based on Enlightenment philosophies that advocated for constitutional government, separation of powers, and natural rights, as well as limited government involvement in the regulation of the new industrialized economy.

• Socialism: Utopian ideal developed in response to the poor working conditions faced by factory workers; in this radical form of society, the workers would run the economy in a self-sufficient manner and share everything fairly, thereby eliminating the wealthy classes.

• Communism: Extreme form of socialism in which governments centrally plan the economy; inspired by The Communist Manifesto (1848), which advocated the overthrow of the bourgeoisie (capitalist middle-class) by the proletariat (working class).

Reform

• Tanzimât Movement: Period of reform in the Ottoman Empire, lasting from 1839 to 1879, that resulter a modernized infrastructure, a new legal code modeled after the French system, and religious equalit under the law.

• First Opium War: Conflict waged between China and Great Britain in 1839 after Chinese custom: officials refused British imports of Indian opium due to the addictive effects it had on Chinese workers; this war weakened the Qing Dynasty and made China more vulnerable to unequal trade with the West.

• Second Opium War: Conflict between China, Great Britain, and France that lasted from 1856 to 1860; spurred by the desire of the European powers to further weaken China's position in trade negotiations, to legalize the opium trade, and to expand the export of indentured workers from China.

• Self-Strengthening Movement: Attempt by China, in the 1860s and 1870s, to modernize its military and economy under its own terms; changes were minimal due to imperial resistance.

• Taiping Rebellion: Christian-based uprising led by Chinese scholar Hong Xiuquan that lasted from 1850 to 1864; the violent reaction by the imperial court left China financially strained and caused the bloodiest civil war in world history.

• Boxer Rebellion: Movement undertaken by a secret society of Chinese and backed by Empress Cixi that sought to rid China of foreigners and foreign influence; the Boxers were defeated by a multinational force that included the United States, Russia, and Japan.

• Meiji Restoration: Successful rebellion in which young reform-minded Japanese sought to overthrow the isolationist Tokugawa Shogunate and restore the power of Emperor Meiji; sparked by contact between Japan and the United States; following the restoration, Japan experienced rapid industrialization and modernization.

Imperialism and Its Impact

• Imperialism: Policy of a country extending its rule over other countries, often by force; the world saw a wave of imperialism from 1750 to 1900 in particular, which was spurred by industrial countries' need for raw materials and for markets for their goods, as well as justified by various cultural, racial ideologies about the superiority of imperial powers.

• Social Darwinism: Popular nineteenth-century theory used to justify capitalism and imperialism; drew on evolutionary theorist Charles Darwin's view of "survival of the fittest." Scientific Racism is a term closely associated with Social Darwinism.

Indian Rebellion (Sepoy Mutiny) of 1857: Conflict fought in India between the British and the Indian soldiers in British service; the British victory strengthened the legitimacy of their rule, but contemporary Indians often remember the Sepoy Rebellion as the first move towards Independence from Britain.