Molecular Bio Quiz 1

Organic Molecules

• Molecules that exist in all living things

• Life’s building blocks

• Four types of organic molecules

  • Lipids

  • Nucleic Acids

  • Carbohydrates

  • Proteins

• All organic molecules are based on Carbon

• Monomers are the building blocks of organic molecules when they are joined together, they form polymers

• Organic Molecules share similar elements, but their shape and position of bonds determine what type of organic molecule they are

Carbohydrates

• Elements: CHO

• Monosaccharides are the building blocks of a carb

  • Disaccharide: two monosaccharides bonded together

  • polysaccharides: many monosaccharides bonded together

  • Monosaccharides are bonded together by glycosidic linkage

• Fructose and Glucose are examples of carbs

• Three main categories of carbs

  • Starch: Storage form of carbs in plants

  • Glycogen: Storage form of carbs in animals

  • Cellulose: Structural support in plants (leaves and stems)

Proteins

• Elements: CHON

• Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins

  • 20 types of Amino Acids

  • Peptide bonds bond them together

• Functions:

  • Transport

  • recognition

  • structural support

  • message transport

Nucleic Acids

• Elements: CHONP

• DNA and RNA are two types of nucleic acids

  • DNA: Blueprint, store genetic info

    • Deoxyribose

  • RNA: Codes for amino acids, translates genetic code into protein

    • Ribose

  • DNA is double-stranded, RNA is single-stranded

    • DNA and RNA differ in 2’ carbon

      • DNA is missing an OH(hydroxyl), but ribose has it

        

• Nucleotide is a monomer

  • Sugar, Phosphate, Base

    • Sugar: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

      • Adenine and Thymine bond together, have two bonds

      • Guanine and Cytosine bond together, and have three bonds

      • Adenine and Guanine are purines, which means they have two rings

      • Cytosine and Thymine are pyrimidines, which means they only have one ring

    • Phosphate attaches to 5’ carbon of a nucleotide, 3’ carbon of nucleotide will attach to another phosphate, and a chain will be created

      

• 5’ end will be on top with a phosphate group, 3’ end will be bottom with free OH(hydroxyl group), which is not attached to anything

• One side will be 5’ to 3’, while other side will be 3’ to 5’, this is known as complementary base pairing

• Nucleotides are bonded together by a phosphodiester bond

Lipids

• Elements: CHO(P)

• Fatty acids are the building blocks of lipids

• Phospholipids, triglycerides, steroids, and cholesterol are examples of Lipids

• Basic structure

  • Chain of hydrocarbons with carboxyl tail, looks like a long chain

• Saturated vs Unsaturated

  • Saturated: Most hydrogens possible, straight tail

  • Unsaturated: Kinked tail, double bonds