Range of Motion Summary

Movement  

Position  

Axis  

Moving Arm 

Stationary Arm  

Flexion 

120 degrees 

Sitting on the edge of the bed or supine 

Acromion process 

Lateral epicondyle  

Parallel to the lateral midline of the trunk  

Extension  

60 degrees  

Sitting on the edge of the bed or prone  

Acromion process 

Lateral epicondyle  

Parallel to the lateral midline of the trunk  

Abduction 

90 – 120 degrees  

Supine or sitting  

Coracoid process  

Lateral epicondyle  

Parallel to sternum  

Horizontal abduction  

45 degrees  

Sitting with elbow horizontally at 90 degrees 

Acromion process 

Lateral epicondyle 

Perpendicular to the trunk  

Horizonal adduction 

135 degrees   

Sitting with elbow horizontally at 90 degrees 

Acromion process 

Lateral epicondyle 

Perpendicular to the trunk  

Internal rotation 

70 degrees 

Prone, elbow hanging off the bed in 90 degree angle 

Olecranon process of the ulna  

Ulnar Styloid process 

Perpendicular to the floor  

External rotation  

90 degrees  

Supine with arm out and elbow in 90 degree angle toward the roof  

Olecranon process of the ulna  

Ulnar Styloid process 

Perpendicular to the floor  

Movement 

Position 

Axis  

Stationary arm  

Moveable arm  

Flexion 

150 degrees 

Sitting or supine 

Lateral epicondyle 

Ulnar styloid process 

Pointing toward Acromion process  

Extension  

0 degrees 

<0 Hyperextension  

Sitting or supine 

Lateral epicondyle 

Ulnar styloid process 

Pointing toward Acromion process  

Pronation 

80 – 90 degrees  

Sitting with elbow at 90 degrees holding a pencil upright 

Head of third metacarpal 

Parallel to the pencil 

Perpendicular to the floor 

Supination 

80 – 90 degrees  

Sitting with elbow at 90 degrees holding a pencil upright 

Head of third metacarpal 

Parallel to the pencil 

Perpendicular to the floor 

Movement  

Position  

Axis  

Moving arm  

Stationary arm  

Flexion  

80 degrees  

Sitting, forearm resting on the bed in pronation  

Ulnar styloid process  

Parallel to the 5^th metacarpal  

Longitudinal axis of the ulna  

Extension  

70 degrees  

Sitting, forearm resting on the bed in pronation  

Ulnar styloid process  

Parallel to the 5^th metacarpal  

Longitudinal axis of the ulna  

Radial deviation 

20 degrees  

Sitting, elbow flexed, forearm on table with palm facing down  

Over the capitate bone 

Parallel to the shaft of the 3^rd metacarpal  

Along midline of the forearm  

Ulnar deviation  

30 degrees  

Sitting, elbow flexed, forearm on table with palm facing down  

Over the capitate bone 

Parallel to the shaft of the 3^rd metacarpal  

Along midline of the forearm  

Movement  

Position  

Axis  

Moving arm  

Stationary arm  

Thumb CMC Flexion (Thumb down) 

• Measure starting angle between 1^st & 2^nd metacarpal and minus at the end  

15 degrees  

Sitting, forearm resting on table, thumb in the air 

CMC joint  

Parallel to longitudinal axis of the thumb metacarpal  

Parallel to the radius  

Thumb CMC Extension (Thumb up)  

• Measure starting angle between the 1^st & 2^nd metacarpal and minus at the end 

20 degrees   

Sitting, forearm resting on table, thumb in the air 

CMC joint  

Parallel to longitudinal axis of the thumb metacarpal  

Parallel to the radius  

Thumb MCP Flexion 

(grey goniometer) 

Sitting with pinkie finger on the bed  

Posterior aspect of the intended joint  

Parallel to the longitudinal axis of the proximal phalanx  

Parallel to the longitudinal axis fo the thumb metacarpal  

Thumb MCP extension (Grey goniometer) 

0 degrees  

Sitting with pinkie finger on the bed  

Posterior aspect of the intended joint  

Parallel to the longitudinal axis of the proximal phalanx  

Parallel to the longitudinal axis fo the thumb metacarpal  

Thumb IP Flexion (grey goniometer) 

80 degrees  

Sitting with pinkie finger on the bed  

Posterior aspect of the intended joint  

Parallel to the longitudinal axis of the distal phalanx  

Parallel to the longitudinal axis of the proximal phalanx  

Thumb IP extension (Grey goniometer) 

0 degrees  

Sitting with pinkie finger on the bed  

Posterior aspect of the intended joint  

Parallel to the longitudinal axis of the distal phalanx  

Parallel to the longitudinal axis of the proximal phalanx  

Thumb CMC Abduction / adduction  

• Measure starting angle between 1st & 2^nd metacarpal and minus at the end  

70 degrees  

Sitting, forearm resting on table, pinkie finger   on table, thumb touching index  

Junction of the base of the 1^st & 2^nd metacarpals  

Parallel to the 1^st metacarpal  

Parallel to the 2^nd metacarpal  

Movement 

Position  

Axis  

Moving arm  

Stationary arm  

Finger MCP flexion  

(Grey goniometer) 

90 degrees  

Sitting, forearm resting on the table, pinkie finger down 

Posterior aspect of MCP joint 

Parallel to the longitudinal axis of the proximal phalanx 

Parallel to the longitudinal axis of the metacarpal  

Finger MCP extension 

Grey goniometer) 

45 degrees   

Sitting, forearm resting on the table, pinkie finger down 

Anterior aspect of MCP joint  

Parallel to the longitudinal axis of the proximal phalanx 

Parallel to the longitudinal axis of the metacarpal  

Finger MCP Abduction  

(Away from the midline of the hand)  

20 – 30 degrees  

Sitting, forearm on table, palm down  

Posterior surface of the MCP joint  

Parallel to the longitudinal axis of the proximal phalanx  

Parallel to the longitudinal axis of the metacarpal  

Finger MCP Adduction  

(Toward the midline of the hand)  

20 – 30 degrees  

Sitting, forearm on table, palm down  

Posterior surface of the MCP joint  

Parallel to the longitudinal axis of the proximal phalanx  

Parallel to the longitudinal axis of the metacarpal  

Finger IP flexion  

(Grey goniometer)  

90 – 100 degrees  

Sitting, forearm resting on bed, hand relaxed  

Posterior surface of the PIP 

Parallel to the longitudinal axis of distal phalanx  

Parallel to the longitudinal axis of proximal phalanx  

Finger IP extension  

(Grey goniometer) 

0 degrees  

Sitting, forearm resting on bed, hand relaxed  

Posterior surface of the PIP  

Parallel to the longitudinal axis of distal phalanx  

Parallel to the longitudinal axis of proximal phalanx  

Movement  

Position  

Axis  

Moving arm  

Stationary arm  

Flexion  

120 degrees  

Supine, leg flat. Knee brought to chest  

Greater trochanter of the femur  

Pointing to the lateral epicondyle of the femur  

Parallel to the midaxillary of the trunk  

Extension 

30 degrees  

Prone, feet over the end of the bed, strapping over glutes  

Greater trochanter of the femur  

Pointing to the lateral epicondyle of the femur  

Parallel to the midaxillary of the trunk  

Abduction 

(Start position 90 degrees, counted as 0 degrees) 

45 degrees  

Supine, in anatomical position  

Over the ASIS on the side being measure  

Along the midline of the femur towards the patella  

Along the line that joins the two ASIS 

Adduction  

(Start position 90 degrees, counted as 0 degrees) 

30 degrees  

Supine, in anatomical with leg not measured moved to the side  

Over the ASIS on the side being measure  

Along the midline of the femur towards the patella  

Along the line that joins the two ASIS 

Internal rotation  

(Leg laterally)  

45 degrees  

Sitting with knees hanging off the bed  

Midpoint of the patella  

Parallel to the anterior midline of the tibia  

Perpendicular to the floor  

External rotation  

(Leg medially)  

45 degrees  

Sitting with knees hanging off the bed  

Midpoint of the patella  

Parallel to the anterior midline of the tibia  

Perpendicular to the floor  

Movement  

Position  

Axis  

Moving arm  

Stationary arm  

Flexion (knee bent up) 

135 degrees  

Supine, towel underneath hamstring 

Lateral epicondyle of the femur 

Pointing towards lateral malleolus  

Pointing toward the greater trochanter  

Extension (Knee hyper) 

0 degrees 

0 –10 degrees = hyperextension    

Supine, towel underneath hamstring  

Lateral epicondyle of the femur 

Pointing towards lateral malleolus  

Pointing toward the greater trochanter  

Movement  

Position  

Axis  

Moving arm  

Stationary arm  

Dorsiflexion (goniometer start position is 90 degrees, regard this as 0) 

20 degrees  

Supine, towel rolled under knee, ankle in anatomical position 

Inferior to lateral malleolus  

Parallel to the sole of the heel  

Pointing toward the head of the fibula  

Plantarflexion (goniometer start position is 90 degrees, regard this as 0)  

50 degrees  

Supine, towel rolled under knee, ankle in anatomical position  

Inferior to lateral malleolus  

Parallel to the sole of the heel  

Pointing toward the head of the fibula  

Inversion  

(Toward the midline)  

5 degrees  

Supine, feet hanging off edge of the bed. Mark midlines  

Superior aspect of the calcaneus  

Posterior aspect of the calcaneus (measure mark on the inferior aspect of the heel pad)  

Parallel to the midline of the tibia  

Eversion  

(Away from the midline)  

5 degrees  

Supine, feet hanging off edge of the bed. Mark midlines  

Superior aspect of the calcaneus  

Posterior aspect of the calcaneus (measure mark on the inferior aspect of the heel pad)  

Parallel to the midline of the tibia  

Movement 

Position  

Axis  

Moving arm  

Stationary arm  

MTP Flexion of the great toe 

45 degrees  

Supine or sitting  

Dorsum of the first MTP joint  

Parallel to the longitudinal axis of the proximal phalanx of the great toe  

Parallel to the longitudinal axis of the first metatarsal 

MTP extension of the great toe 

70 degrees  

Supine or sitting  

Dorsum of the first MTP joint  

Parallel to the longitudinal axis of the proximal phalanx of the great toe  

Parallel to the longitudinal axis of the first metatarsal 

MTP abduction of the great toe  

To limit of motion  

Supine or sitting. Ankle & toes in neutral position  

Dorsum of the first MTP joint  

Parallel axis of the proximal phalanx of the great toe  

Parallel to the longitudinal axis of the first metatarsal  

MTP adduction of the great toe  

To limit of motion  

Supine or sitting. Ankle & toes in neutral position  

Dorsum of the first MTP joint  

Parallel axis of the proximal phalanx of the great toe  

Parallel to the longitudinal axis of the first metatarsal  

IP flexion of the great toe (grey goniometer)  

90 degrees  

Supine/setting  

Dorsal aspect of the IP joint  

Parallel to the longitudinal aspect of the distal phalanx  

Parallel to the longitudinal axis of the proximal phalanx  

IP extension of the great toe (Grey goniometer)  

0 degrees  

Supine/setting  

Plantar aspect for extension  

Parallel to the longitudinal aspect of the distal phalanx  

Parallel to the longitudinal axis of the proximal phalanx  

Movement 

Position  

Axis  

Moving arm  

Stationary arm  

Flexion  

3 cm  

45 degrees  

Head straight & move neck to chest and away from chest  

Tape measure:  

Inclinometer:  

CROM 

Tip of chin  

Top of the head  

Suprasternal notch  

T1 of the spine  

Extension  

20 cm  

45 degrees  

Head straight & move neck to chest and away from chest  

Tape measure: 

Inclinometer:  

CROM 

Tip of chin  

Top of the head  

Suprasternal notch  

T1 of the spine  

Lateral flexion 

13cm   

65 degrees  

Head straight and tilt head to side  

Tape measure : 

Inclinometer:  

CROM 

Lateral aspect of the acromion process  

Top of the head  

Mastoid process 

Inferior to T1 of the spine 

Rotation  

11cm  

80 degrees  

Head straight, chin to shoulder 

Tape measure : 

Inclinometer:  

CROM 

Lateral aspect of the acromion process  

Midline at the base of the forehead 

Tip of chin  

Movement 

Position 

Axis  

Moving arm  

Stationary arm  

Flexion  

Stand up straight, bend forward, tucking in head – hip width apart  

Tape measure:  

Inclinometer: 

Between C& & S2. Minus the original measurement 

Placement over the spines of C7  

Between C7 & s2 

Placement over the spines S2 

Extension  

Stand up straight, bend backwards – hip width apart  

Tape measure: 

Inclinometer: 

Between C& & S2. Minus the original measurement  

Placement over the spines of C7  

Between C7 & s2 

Placement over the spines S2 

Lateral flexion  

Standing, feet hip width apart 

Tape measure:  

Inclinometer:  

Tip of the third digit and the floor  

On the spine of T1 

Inferior to the spine of S2 

Lateral rotation  

Sitting with arms crossed over body 

Tape measure:  

Different between the start & the end position  

Upper point of the iliac crest to the acromion process on the opposite side 

Movement 

Position  

Axis  

Moving arm 

Stationary arm 

Flexion  

Standing upright, feet hip width apart, bend forward 

Tape measure: 

Inclinometer:  

Same points, minute the original movement  

Over the spine of s2 

S2 and a point 15cm above S2 

Over mark 15cm above S2 

Extension  

Standing upright, feet hip width apart, bend backward 

Tape measure: 

Inclinometer:  

Same points, minute the original movement  

Over the spine of S2 

S2 and a point 15cm above S2 

Over mark 15cm above S2