Practical Lab #1

nThree Domains: Archaea (prokaryotic organisms) Eukarya (eukaryotic), Bacteria (prokaryotic) 

Prokaryotic: no membrane-bound organelles 

Nucleoid region: single circular loop where DNA is located 

Decomposers: organisms that break down dead or decaying organisms 

Gram-positive bacteria: walls with a relatively large amount of peptidoglycan 

Pathogens: microorganisms that can cause disease in a host organism 

Gram-negative bacteria: less peptidoglycan in their cell walls 

Peptidoglycan: a network of sugar polymers cross linked by short polypeptides 

Symbionts: that live in a close, long-term association with another organism (the host) 

Cyanobacteria: blue-green algae. 

Binary fission: where the cell duplicates its components and divides into two cells 

Bacilli: rods 

Autotrophic: derive their energy from photosynthesis or the oxidation of inorganic molecules 

Asexual reproduction: create offspring without needing another organism's sperm or egg 

Cocci: spheres 

Heterocyst: specialized, nitrogen-fixing cells that incorporate atmospheric nitrogen into a form useful for producing amino acids and other nitrogen containing molecules 

Heterotrophs: derive their energy from organic molecules made by other organisms 

Spirilla: spirals or corkscrews 

Gelatinous sheath: thick, sticky, and often transparent layer found surrounding certain cells 

PROCESSES 

Gram staining- First stained with crystal violet dye and iodine, rinsed in alcohol, then stained with red dye. Structure of cell wall determines staining response. GPB, trap crystal violet in cytoplasm, rinsing does not remove the crystal violet from cytoplasm so cells appear violet under the microscope. For GNB, crystal violet is rinsed easily from cytoplasm therefore cells appear pink or red under microscope.  

DOMAIN EUKARYA 

DEFINITIONS 

Eukaryotic: composed of a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles 

Three groups of protists: algae (plant-like), protozoa (animal-like), fungal like protists 

Algae: plant like organisms that inhabit water 

Protozoa: animal like in that they are heterotrophic and motile 

Algae groups: dinoflagellates, euglenozoans, diatoms (glass like walls), chlorophytes (green) 

Pellicle: flexible layer of protein bands (located beneath the plasma membrane) 

Silica: silicon dioxide 

Colonial: have only one basic vegetative cell type 

Mucilage: less dense than water and aids in buoyancy 

Mixotrophs: in sunlight they are autotrophic, but when sunlight is not available, they can become heterotrophic 

Unicellular: simplest algae that consist of a single cell 

Filamentous: consists of a single chain of cells 

Break 

Kinetoplast: single, large mitochondrion that contains an organized mass of DNA 

Pseudopodia: amoeboid protozoa that possess flowing extensions of the body 

Cilia: tiny, hair-like structures that project from the surface of cells 

Transverse fission: which is the division of an organism into two, results in two individuals, which are genetically similar  

Break 

Plasmodium: Plasmodial slime molds stream along the damp forest floor in a mass of brightly colored cytoplasm 

Hyphae: a slender filament of cytoplasm and nuclei enclosed by a cell wall 

Oogonia: female sex organs found in certain algae and fungi (produce eggs) 

Fertilization tubes: develop tubular processes which penetrate the oogonia 

Oospores: thick-walled zygote 

Haustoria: (“one who drinks") penetrate the living host’s cells, absorb nutrients, and pass them to the growing hyphae 

Coenocytic: multinucleate (it is NOT multicellular). 

Gametangia: gamete producing structures 

Antheridia: male sex organs found in certain algae (produce sperm) 

Oospheres: spherical eggs 

Sporangiophores: (sporangia bearers) cover the surface of the leaves and stems of the infected plants 

Break 

Mycorrhizae: associations between their roots and fungi, increase the absorptive surfaces of the plant roots and aid in mineral exchange 

Sporangia: asexual reproductive structures 

Karyogamy: union of two haploid nuclei contributed by two gametes 

Mycelium: mass of these hyphae makes up an individual organism 

Conidia: asexual, non-motile spores of certain fungi. 

Dikaryotic: interim we call the cell with two separate haploid nuclei  

Saprophytes: Most fungi that obtain food from dead organic matter 

Conidiophores: cut off from tips of modified hyphae ("conidia bearers") 

Zygomycota: zygote fungi) produce diploid "zygospores" in which meiosis will eventually occu 

Septa: cross walls called that separate cytoplasm and nuclei into cells 

Budding: mitosis with an uneven distribution of cytoplasm and is common in yeasts 

Ascomycota: sac fungi) produce a diploid cell called an “ascus”. Meiosis in the ascus produces haploid "ascospores" 

Chitin: polysaccharide that comprises the exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans 

Fragmentation: breaking of an organism into one or more pieces, each of which can develop into a new individual 

Basidiomycota: club fungi) produce a diploid structure called a “basidium” in which meiosis occurs to produce haploid "basidiospores" 

Spores: haploid vegetative cells 

Plasmogamy: During fertilization the initial union of the cytoplasm of two parent mycelia (gametes) 

Zygospores: the production of sexual resting spores 

Stolens: From the submerged hyphae, aerial hyphae 

Rhizoids: small, root-like structures found in bryophytes 

Basidiospores: no asexual reproductive structures