NCM-103-Lecture-Week-1 2

Concept of Man, Health, and Illness

Concept of Man

• Biopsychosocial and Spiritual Being: Man exists in a constant interaction with the environment.

  • Biological: Shares characteristics with other men.

  • Psychological: Unique in his mental processes and experiences.

  • Social: Shares similarities with some others while differentiating from others.

  • Spiritual: Connected universally across humanity.

• Subsystems and Suprasystems: Man consists of different subsystems (individual functions) and suprasystems (relationships).

• Unified Whole: Man is an integrated being where parts are interconnected and interdependent.

• Holistic Composition: The whole is distinct and more significant than the mere sum of the parts.

Four Major Attributes of a Human Being

1. Capacity for Abstract Thinking: Ability to conceptualize complex ideas.

2. Family Formation: Instinct or necessity to build familial connections.

3. Territoriality: Tendency to claim and maintain control over a physical space.

4. Language Use: Employment of verbal symbols for communication, essential for culture development.

Basic Human Needs

• Unique Characteristics: Every individual has distinct traits, yet basic needs are shared universally.

• Categories of Needs: Physiological (survival) and psychological (emotional well-being).

Characteristics of Basic Human Needs

• Universality: Needs apply to everyone irrespective of background.

• Variety of Fulfillment: Different methods can fulfill the same need.

• Deferral: Needs may be postponed based on circumstances.

• Interrelation: Needs are interconnected, affecting each other.

• Consequences of Unmet Needs: Failure to satisfy needs can lead to disruptions in normal functioning, possibly resulting in illness.

Health, Wellness, and Well-Being

• Traditional Definition of Health: Presence or absence of disease.

• Contemporary Definitions: Various interpretations have emerged.

  • Florence Nightingale: Health as maximizing individual capacities.

  • Talcott Parsons: Health as an adjustment process.

  • WHO: Complete physical, mental, and social well-being.

  • ANA: Illness and health as human experiences; both can coexist.

• Personal Definitions of Health: Varied based on individual experiences, expectations, and sociocultural influences.

Dimensions of Wellness

• Environmental: Interaction with surroundings.

• Social: Relationships and social networks.

• Emotional: Coping with emotions.

• Physical: Physical health and fitness.

• Spiritual: Sense of purpose and spirituality.

• Intellectual: Engagement with knowledge and creativity.

• Occupational: Job satisfaction and work-life balance.

Models of Health and Wellness

1. Clinical Model: Focuses on absence of physical illness.

2. Role Performance Model: Health as the ability to fulfill societal roles, regardless of illness.

3. Adaptive Model: Health viewed as adaptability to environmental changes.

4. Eudaimonistic Model: Health embodies realization of potentials; illness hampers self-actualization.

5. Agent-Host-Environment Model: Examines the interplay of factors leading to illness.

6. Health-Illness Continua: A spectrum viewing health and illness as opposite ends.

Dunn’s High-Level Wellness Grid

• Illness-Wellness Continuum: Demonstrates a range from optimal health to death, highlighting the dynamic nature of health.

Variables Influencing Health Status

• Health Status: Current health condition.

• Health Beliefs: Personal convictions about health.

• Health Behaviors: Actions taken to maintain wellness and monitor health states.

Internal Variables Influencing Health

• Biologic Dimension: Genetic and physiological factors.

• Psychologic Dimension: Mental health and cognitive functions.

• Cognitive Dimension: Understanding and perceptions of health.

External Variables Influencing Health

• Environment: Surroundings and living conditions.

• Standards of Living: Economic and social factors.

• Cultural Beliefs: Family traditions and societal norms.

• Social Support Networks: Community and relational health resources.

Health Belief Models

• Health Locus of Control Model: Determines how much control individuals believe they have over their health outcomes.

• Rosenstock and Becker’s Health Belief Models: Describe health behaviors based on perceived beliefs and modifying factors.

Health Care Adherence

• Definition: The extent to which individuals follow health advice and treatment regimens.

• Factors Influencing Adherence: Include motivation, lifestyle changes, and perceived severity of conditions.

• Nursing Role: Identify nonadherence reasons and reinforce positive health behaviors.

Illness and Disease

• Illness: Personal experience of diminished functioning across various dimensions.

• Disease: Biological malfunction affecting life quality.

• Nursing Role: Care for chronically ill individuals and promote independence.

• Illness Behaviors: Individuals' reactions and actions regarding their symptoms.

Talcott Parson’s Sick Role Theory

• Rights: Clients not responsible for their conditions, excused from roles, and entitled to care.

• Obligations: Responsibility to recover and seek help.

Stages of Illness (Edward A. Suchman)

1. Symptoms Experience

2. Assumption of Sick Role

3. Medical Care Contact

4. Dependent Client Care

5. Recovery or Rehabilitation

Effects of Illness

• Impact on Clients: Affects body image, self-esteem, social participation, and economic stability.

• Impact on Family: Role changes, stress, financial pressure, and emotional challenges.

• Nursing Role: Support emotional expression and lifestyle adjustments.

Concepts of Nursing

• Definitions of Nursing: Include diagnosis and treatment of health problems and promotion of health.

Healthcare System Framework

• Definition: An integrated system providing health services to populations.

• Types of Health Care Agencies: Hospitals, outpatient facilities, long-term care, hospice services.

Levels of Disease Prevention**

1. Primary Prevention: Health promotion, reducing risks.

2. Secondary Prevention: Early detection and treatment of illness.

3. Tertiary Prevention: Rehabilitation and support for managing ongoing health issues.

Nursing as a Profession

• History: Involvement of women, religion, and societal attitudes in shaping nursing.

• Nursing Leaders: Figures like Florence Nightingale and Clara Barton who influenced nursing practice.

Criteria of a Profession

• Specialized education, body of knowledge, service orientation, continuous research, ethical standards, autonomy, professional organizations.

Personal and Professional Values as a Nurse

• Values clarification, independence, honesty, compassion, and professional ethics.

Nursing Roles and Functions

• Caregiver, communicator, educator, advocate, counselor, change agent, leader, manager, research consumer.

Expanded Career Roles in Nursing

• Nurse Practitioner, Clinical Nurse Specialist, Nurse Anesthetist, Nurse Midwife, Nurse Educator, and more.

Nursing Theory of Caring

• Emphasis on individualized care and holistic approach to health.

Communication in Nursing

• Dynamic process essential for delivering care, encompassing various forms of expression.

Characteristics of Effective Communication

• Clarity, conciseness, correctness, completeness, courtesy.

Barriers to Communication

• Stereotyping, agreeing/disagreeing, being defensive, probing, unwarranted reassurance.

Helping Relationships in Nursing

• Key elements include trust, mutual respect, and focus on the client’s well-being.

Phases of the Nurse-Client Relationship

1. Preinteraction Phase: Preparation before the encounter.

2. Introductory Phase: Developing trust and rapport.

3. Working Phase: Mutual exploration of issues.

4. Resolution Phase: Conclusion and transition.

Collaboration and Teamwork in Healthcare

• Elements of successful partnerships in health, focusing on communication and working together towards shared goals.

Principles of Collaboration

• Accountability, respect, mutual acknowledgment, and clarity of responsibilities.

Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)

• Integration of research and clinical expertise for optimal healthcare delivery. Steps for changing practice based on evidence provided.

Nursing Research Approaches

• Quantitative vs. qualitative methodologies, understanding variables, hypotheses, and the research process.