Guillaume Dufay is one of the most important composers of the 1400s

Habsburgs is a ruling dynasty of the HRE, one of the wealthiest landholders in the Empire

Hanseatic League a commercial and defensive alliance along coast of northern Europe, to protect economic privileges of coastal cities and states visited by merchants

Henry VII is a King of England, established Tudor Dynasty by overthrowing Richard III

Hermeticism is set of beliefs stressing astrology, alchemy, and magic as well as theological and philosophical speculations

House of Medici Prominent banking family from the Republic of Florence, founded most successful European bank of the 15th century

humanism literary and linguistic movement in an attempt to revive classical Latin

Individualism ideology that stressed the goals, desires, and moral worth of the individual

Isabella Queen of Spain, wife of Ferdinand

Louis XI King of France, also known as the Spider, he generated a sound source of revenue for the government with the Taille

Ludovico Sforza Milanese duke who invited French to intervene in Italian politics, allowing the French bring an army and occupy Naples

madrigal poem set to music, originating from 14th century Italian courts, written for 5 to 6 voices

Marcilio Ficino known for translating Plato and the exposition of Neoplatonism

Marsilio Ficino Began neoplatonism, translated Plato

Masaccio Early Italian renaissance painter, painted Tribute Money

Matthias Corvinus King of Hungary who patronized the new humanist culture

Michelangelo Italian painter, sculptor, and architect, known for painting the Sistine Chapel and creating the Statue of David

Botticelli Italian painter whose interest in Greek and Roman mythology is reflected in his famous Primavera

Bramante Italian Renaissance architect, known for designing the Tempietto and Saint Peter's Basilica

Brunelleschi Italian architect, designed the Dome of the Duomo and the Church of San Lorenzo

Cosimo de'Medici The first of the Medici political dynasty, he took control of the Republic of Florence and made it his oligarchy

diplomatic system the system of negotiations between ambassadors from different states

Donatello Italian sculptor, created life-size statue David, shown with the head of Goliath at his feet

dowry Payment or property that is brought to a marriage by the bride's family to give to the groom's

Execrabilis Papal bull condemning appeals to a council over the head of a pope as heretical

Federigo da Montefeltro Ruler of Urbino, known as a great patron of Renaissance culture

Ferdinand King of Aragon who fought to dominate Naples

Ferdinand King of Spain and Aragon, husband of Isabella, fought to dominate Naples

Florence an oligarchic "republic" located in what is now western Italy, conquered by Cosimo De'Medici

Francesco Guicciardini Italian historian, wrote History of Italy and History of Florence

Francis I Son of Charles VIII, continued to fight to dominate Naples

Francisco Sforza Conquered Milan after the death of the last Visconti, established himself as duke of the city

Isabella d'Este known as "the first lady of the world," she was widely known for her wisdom, intellect, and clever negotiations

Ivan III Russian king, formed the Principality of Moscow, expelled Mongols from the land

Jacob Burckhardt Swiss historian who studied art and culture, crediting Italians with birth of the Renaissance. Wrote The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy

Jan Van Eyck Flemish painter, known for his famous painting of Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride

Johannes Gutenberg First European to use printing with movable metal type

John Hus Chancellor who attacked the excessive power of the papacy, later burned at the stake by Council of Constance

John Wyclif English theologian from Oxford who challenged the pope and rituals of the medieval Church

L'umo universale a social ideal of the well-rounded personality or universal person

Leonardo Bruni A humanist, writer of The New Cicero

Leonardo da Vinci Italian renaissance painter, known for his diversely varied talents and his masterpieces The Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, and The Virgin and the Child

liberal studies studies offered at Vittorino's school including history, philosophy, eloquence, language arts, math, astronomy, and music

Lorenzo the Magnificent A leading citizen of Florence, he contributed large sums of money to artists so they could create master works of art

Lorenzo Valla Papal secretary who wrote The Elegances of the Latin Language, tried to purify Latin

Mastered (7) You've been getting these terms right! Select these 7 Albrecht Durer German painter, known for his painting Adoration of the Magi, greatly affected by Italians

balance of power concept designed to prevent the enlargement of one state at the expense of others

Baldassare Castiglione Italian writer who wrote The Book of the Courtier

Battista Sforza Wife of Federigo da Montefeltro, she governed Urbino in her husband's absence

Charles I Spanish king who continued to fight to dominate Naples after Ferdinand's death, his armies led the Sack of Rome

Charles VIII King of France who brought army and occupied Naples

civic humanism humanism that includes involvement in politics with intellect

Not studied (22) You haven't studied these terms yet! Select these 22 Milan a duchy located in what is now northwestern Italy, conquered by Francisco Sforza

Naples a kingdom located in what is now southern Italy. Known for its weakness; France and Aragon fought to dominate it

neoplatonism Platonic philosophy, based on the ideas of hierarchy of substance and spiritual love

nepotism Favoritism granted to family members regardless of merit, used among Popes

Niccolo Machiavelli Florentine diplomat and Republican, sent into exile after Medici family returned to power, wrote The Prince

Ottoman Turks Advanced rapidly on Eastern Europe, capturing land and ending the Byzantine Empire, beginning their own empire. Eventually faced off against HRE

Papal States a theocratic state controlled by the pope, located in what is now central Italy

Peace of Lodi a peaceful, 40 year era in Italy after 50 years of warfare, created alliance system (Milan, Florence, and Naples vs. Venice and The Papacy)

Petrarch One of Europe's greatest lyric poets. Wrote in vernacular Italian, known as the Father of Humanism

Pico Della Mirandola A prominent Italian intellect, wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man

Raphael Italian painter and architect, known for his work School of Athens

Renaissance word meaning rebirth, a significant cultural movement from 14th to 17th centuries with huge innovations in art, music, literature, and intellect

Renaissance slavery The purchase, ownership, or other trafficking of humans as property during the Renaissance

Second Estate A division of middle age society that included nobility like earls, counts, barons, dukes, and kings

The Book of the Courtier A popular handbook among aristocrats in Italy for many centuries, describing the attributes of the perfect courtier

the Lollards a group John Wyclif's followers

The New Cicero a biography of Marcus Tullius Cicero, written by Leonardo Bruni

The Prince book written by Niccolo Machiavelli, giving concrete expression to Renaissance political power

Third Estate A division of middle age society that included peasants, poor people, and slaves

Urbino once a city-state in central Italy, became a center of culture and intellect

Venice a "republic" located in what is now northeastern Italy, began to conquer more land to expand its food and trade

Vittorino He founded a school in Mantua which provided a humanist education for children (just boys)