Untitled Flashcards Set

White Nationalism and White supremacism theory race is superior

-          Examples are forms of Social Darwinism and Nazism

-          White Nationalists usually avoid the term “white supremacy” because it has negative connotations

-          White nationalists say they seek to ensure the survival of the white race. They wish to extend this to the cultures of historically white states

-          This is accomplished with the total control of the political and economic dominance of the nations involved. Politically, economically, and socially

-          Therefore, “white nationalism” is a rebranding of older white supremacy concepts and epistemologies.

-          These concepts are based on fears of: miscegenation, multiculturalism, immigration of nonwhites and low birth rates among whites are major threat to the continued existence of the white race. These formed ideas that were termed eugenics. 

-          Eugenics

-          There were two types of eugenics

-          Positive eugenics and negative eugenics

-          Positive eugenics is where the best of the nation or population are bred together to improve the race

-          Nazi Germany would bred beautiful white male and female didn’t have no choice, they would be taken away from the parents and trained to be masters of the next generation.

-          Negative eugenics is where the worst of racial stock in a population are eliminated.

-          The Nazi for examples used both forms of eugenics to improve their society according to nazi ideals and epistemologies

-          Hitler, got most of his ideas concerning eugenics from the United States

-          The United States had used genocide against Native Americans and used slave labor to build the nation. The United States had used orphan trains to move problem children out of the inner cities to rural areas as workers. Hitler thought these techniques could be used against nations that were inferior in the epistemologies of Nazi Germany.

-          This all culminates in the belief that a white genocide is taking place, and must be stopped.

-          The term white nationalists first appeared in the Meriam-Webster dictionary in 1951. This term is deemed to be more credible and avoid older negative stereotypes from the white supremacists point of view.

-          There you have been historical times when white supremacy have been held respectable by large segments of society, and for instance there have been places where a person could not get elected to a political office without being a member to the Ku Klux Klan

-          For some Sociologists it has become an umbrella term to cover all groups, movements, ideologies, and religious beliefs of the various types of global stake holders.

-          There are white nationalists groups in Australia, Canada, Germany, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United States.

-          They incorporate all groups some of which are historical and others that are relatively new social constructions, that have subsumed older and concepts and expanded them to the beliefs of their region.

-          In the Unites States, there were attempts to control citizenship, education, voting rights. That have been maintained in some form to this very day.

-          It has been embedded into the culture social media, literature, entertainment, education, and social structures that promote institutional racism.

-          Examples: The bell curve, the birth of a nation, the film industry (movies).

-          Historically the nation of Liberia was established in Africa by the United States to send African Americans back to Africa. A notion that was supported by Abrham Lincoln after the civil war.

-          White Nationalism can be extended to all races of color, and nonwhite ethnicities. The white race is largely defined by white nationalists as persons with Northern European Ancestry. 

-          This has been a long-standing part of the belief system

-          There have been brief attempts to establish relationships with black separatists’ movements. One exam is the nation of Islam in the United States

-          Some white militia groups are based around white nationalists ideas. They are dedicated to violence if necessary to preserve their ideals.

-          White Nationalists groups have infiltrated the Republican party to gain power politically and economically since the 1970s. David Duke ran for public office in the United States, openly as a leader of the Klu Klux Klan. The groups have been opposed by several other nationalists groups maintain contact with other similar groups globally.

-          Most recently, politically white nationalist groups have supported Trump campaign, to help elect the President. Such groups as the proud boys and oath keepers are supremist groups.

Criticisms

-          There have been numerous critics that have pointed out white nationalism is a sanitized version of white supremacy

-          The nation has progressed and mover far past the times when white people controlled the country proving white supremist ideologies are simply racists.

-          We are multi-cultural nation, with great diversity. Diversity can be seen as strength rather than a weakness.

-          We are a global entity. With global connections and interactions.

-          That genetically there is no such thing as race. Our DNA is the same

-          That racism is a waste of human talent and abilities

-          That white nationalism is a form of destructive politics and very divisive for the nation as a whole.

-          That other wealthy and industrial nations have moved on beyond this idea of eugenics and racial superiority.

Transformational leadership theory

-          What is transformational leadership theory

-          Transformational leadership is a relatively new social psychological approach to leadership that focuses on how leaders can create valuable and positive change in their followers.

-          James MacGregor Burns in the 1990s, first introduced the concepts of transformational leadership when studying political leaders,

-          This theory comes of the symbolic interactionist approach and lineage of thought

-          This term is now used when studying social organizations as well. Burns described two leadership styles; transactional and transformational

-          Transactional leaders focus on gaining compliance by giving and withholding rewards and benefits

-          Transformational leaders focus on “transforming” others to support each other and the organization as a whole. Followers of a transformational leader respond by feeling trust, admiration, loyalty, and respect for the leader and are more willing to work harder than originally expected.

Global Inequality in Global conflict theory

Why is there global inequality

Sociological theoretically why is there global inequality

Break down the world’s population and the world’s economic wealth into a 100 units each

-          The population of the United States is about 6% of the world’s population

-          The United States controls about 50% of the world’s wealth

-          The populations of the developing nations are about 75% of the world's population

-          The developing nations are living off of about 15% of the world’s wealth

-          The population of Europe and Japan make up about 19% of the world's population

-          Europe and Japan control about 53% of the world's wealth

-          This current division of population and wealth has occurred over time through economics, politics, and culture, during the “modern” era.

-          This situation is changing because of the current reconfigurations taking place because of globalization and global capitalism

-          Multi-national companies are drastically changing the playing field

-          They transcend the nation state. They are not subject to the norms and values established by western dominate culture.

-          Example is nike

-          They are driven by the economic concerns of the global capitalist system of profits and materialists philosophy

-          This according to some theorists is an unstainable system. Global-Capitalism will have to be re-tooled to an alternate economic form if it is to survive

-          The sociologist peter grimes suggests that we will be fighting wars over scarce resources by the year 2010 to 2020 (global conflict theory)

-          The paradox here is that capitalism has provided more materials goods, more effectively and efficiently than any other economic system to date.

-          Yet the human aspect often gets ignored or exploited in the push for production and growth. The norms and values established in the past are not currently being applied

-          Capitalism currently required constant expansion and growth. It also requires the lowest wages possible for the most flexibility and highest profits

-          Globalization may actually contain the seeds for the destruction of the current capitalist global economic system. Why?

o   The planet is a limited environment

o   There are only so many resources to go around

o   Satellites and the internet have changed the knowledge base of the world.

o   Cultural differences now have a global impact

WORLD SYSTEM THEORY

-          Globalization and politics: world systems theory is based in conflict theory and moves the unite of analysis from the classes of individuals to nation-states

-          Core nations are the wealthy industrial controlling factors

-          Peripheral nations are the poorest and most exploited areas of the world. They are the source of natural resources

-          Semi-Peripheral nations are those that provide the means for exploiting the peripheral areas while at the same time developing their own industry

-          They suggest that there are no reforms as in structural functionalism or correct socialization as in symbolic interaction

-          To understand world systems theory you have to also understand parts of the other theories as well

-          Durkheim taught that there were basically two divisions of society

-          Mechanical society which is traditional, rural, and agricultural society.

-          Organic society is modern, industrial and based on a division of labor that makes us dependent on one another

-          Both of these notions are very relevant to world systems theory. Especially concerning social structures politically and economically.

-          Postmodernity is also very relevant and is one of the areas that symbolic interactions come into play, as to how individuals and groups affect globalization

-          The internet and satellite television have had major impacts on the ways of knowing throughout the world. These bring major questions to the rest of the world as to what is the correct lifestyle

-          Example: even a rural village removed from the modern world in every way can for the first time and learn about the outside world

-          For the first time understanding politics in the context of globalization requires a holistic way of comprehending the world events, cultures and history.

-          Why? What has changed to make the two above statements true?

-          Answer: Because now generally what happens in one part of the world affects the entire globe at some level

-          The paradox is that traditional societies struggle in an almost postmodern fashion to determine if modernity is right for them

-          Many nations now speak of westoxication

-          Westoxication is the bad influence upon traditional societies concerning politics, economics, and culture. Its elements are as follows:

o   Global capitalism

o   Global cultural imperialism

o   Global political domination

-          These are seen to be all woven together to make a total imperial system that is effective world wide with little or no constraints

-          Functionalists and interactionist would say: What world system theorists fail to understand is that globalization does not have to be global capitalism only. It does happen because individuals want it to happen. Global culture exchange is not bad at all

-          Functionalists talk up reforms, policies and infusing justice into the global system so it is not as dysfunctional.

-          They believe world wide social structures will eventually emerge and restrain and control nation-states and other actors now currently taking advantage of the system.

-          Interactionists talk up resocialization and education of individuals so they wont exploit or be exploited at the global level

-          This would be incorporated into global social structures for individual protection and human rights

-          What do you believe is the reality here? If we are going to achieve social change, how is that going to occur at a global level?

-          Things have to occur at the global level

o   Governance (political reform)

o   Respect for cultures (toleration)

o   Tolerance for races and ethnic groups

o   Economic reform and military reform ( peace making and peace keeping)

o   Possibly redistribution of wealth world-wide (seeking win-win possibilities)

o   Educational reform, so that social capital is more accessible across nations

-          These types of social changes should result in a mind set that sets the globe roughly in the place that the nation state is currently.

-          You are still a citizen of your local area, your state, your nation. The only real difference is now you are also a citizen of the planet as well.

-          This is occurring at regional levels currently. For instance, NAFTA was actually only a response to the formation of the European union.

-          This is seen as a long run hedge against the economic and political of Europe if the European union works and power began to shift

Stigma- Consensual beliefs about undesirable attributes or characteristics

Stigma classifications- Tribal identities, abominations of the body, and blemishes of individual character

Tribal Identities: Social groups into which individuals are born

-          Religious groups

-          Ethnic groups

-          Racial groups

-          National groups

Abominations of the body: Physical ailments

-          Deformities

-          Illness

-          Paralysis

Blemishes of individual character: Moral transgression, weakness of will.

-          Drug addiction

-          Prostitution

-          Homosexuality

-          Mental illness

According to Goffman (1963): Stigmatized groups regarded by many as flawed

People report that they do not emulate, or try to be like, the stigmatized

Stereotypes about stigmatized groups are negative

Individuals with stigmas are victims of prejudice, discrimination, hate crimes

Stigma Characteristics- dimensions along which stigmas can differ

Concealability- extent to which a stigma can be hidden from others

Stability- extent to which a stigma can change over time

Disruptiveness- extent to which a stigma disrupts social interaction

Aesthetic qualities- extent to which a stigma is physically unappealing to others

Responsibility- extent to which a stigmatized person is seen as personally responsible for their stigma

Danger(peril)- extent to which a stigmatized person is seen as dangerous

What we do know is that stigma characteristics are all-or-none

What we do know is that stigma characteristics are not mutually exclusive

What we do know is that people can hold different beliefs about a stigmas’ characteristics

Functions of stigmas

-          Self-enhancement function

-          Social identity function

-          System justification function

-          Terror management function

Self-Enhancement function- stigmatizing out-groups make people feel better about themselves

Based on Downward Comparison theory

Social identity theory

Assumptions:

-          People categorize others into in/out groups

-          Categorization creates social identity

-          People want to be in groups held in high esteem

-          People sustain positive identity by derogating out-groups

Transformational Leadership Theory

What is transformational leadership theory

-          Transformational leadership is a relatively new social psychological approach to leadership that focuses on how leaders can create valuable and positive change in their followers

James MacGregor Burns in the 1990s, first introduced the concepts of transformational leadership when studying political leaders

This theory comes of the symbolic interactionist approach and lineage of thought

This term is now used when studying social organizations as well. Burns described two leadership styles: Transactional and transformational

Transactional leaders focus on gaining compliance by giving snf withholding rewards and benefits

Transformational leaders focus on “transforming” others to support each other and the organization as a whole. Followers of a transformational leader respond by feeling trust, admiration, loyalty, and respect for the leader and are more willing to work harder than originally expected.

Another researcher, Bernard M. Bass, added to the work of Burns by explaining the sociological and psychological mechanisms that underlie transformational leadership

Bernard Bass’ work established that transformational leadership demonstrates four factors: Individual considerations, intellectual stimulation, inspirational motivation, idealized influence

Inspirational motivation is when the leader inspires their followers to achieve. This leader sets high and reasonable goals for their followers and their organization. They inspire commitment and they create a shared vision for their organization. Leaders that utilize inspirational motivation motivate followers extrinsically, and they are able to articulate their expectations

Idealized influence is when the leader acts as a strong role model for their organization and leads by example. These types of leaders consider the needs of their followers and prioritize their needs. They typically have loads of charisma and are very ethical. Followers of these leaders typically try to emulate their leader as they tend to identify with them easily.

Individualized consideration is when the leader encourages a strong relationship with their followers. These leaders act as a caring supportive resource for their followers and their organization. They mentor their followers and allocate their time to developing their followers potential

Intellectual stimulation is when the leader encourages their followers to think for themselves. These leaders are creative, innovative, and are very open to new ideas. They tend to be tolerant of their followers’ mistakes, and even improvement within the organization. These leaders create learning opportunities for their followers and abandon obsolete practices

These are 4 components to transformational leadership, sometimes referred to as the four I;s:

Idealized influence (II)- the leader serves as an ideal role model for followers; the leader “walk the talk” and is admired for this. A transformational leader embodies the qualities that His/her team. In this case, followers see the leader as a model to emulate. For the followers, it is easy to believe and trust in a transformational leader.

Inspirational Motivation(IM)- Transformational leaders have the ability to inspire and motivate followers through having vision and presenting that vision. Combined, these first two I’s are what constitute the transformational leader’s charisma. A transformational leader manages to inspire the followers easily with clarity. The transformational leader convinces the followers with simple and easy-to-understand words, as well with their own image.

Individualized consideration (IC)- Transformational leaders demonstrate genuine concern for the needs and feelings of followers and help them self-actualized. This personal attention to each follower assists in developing trust among the organizations’ members and their authority figures. For example, the transformational leader can point out the problem of a member working in a group. From this perspective, the leader can work towards training and developing a follower who is having difficulties in a job. This is an important element because teams are able to rely on and work together, so decisions can be made more quickly, while the transformational leader increases their buy-in.

Intellectual stimulation- is the leader challenges followers to be innovative and creative, they encourage their followers to challenge the status quo. A common misunderstanding is that transformational leaders are “soft”, but the truth us that they constantly challenge followers to higher levels of performance.

Transformational leaders is said to have occurred when engagement in a group results in leaders and followers raising one another to increased levels of motivation and morality. It is not enough to make the correct choice, but to make the moral choice. In simple words, a transformational leader is not selfish and sees an leadership enhances intellectual stimulation through employee training and development.

Transformational leaders do one thing transactional leaders don’t, which is going beyond self-actualization. The importance of transcending self-interests is something lost sight of by those who see that ultimate in maturity of development is self-actualization.

Transformational leadership theory is supported by nearly 30 years of research correlating transformational leadership to positive performance outcomes including individual, group, organizational level variables.

It is also solidified the need to study followers in leadership research. Transformational leadership was the first developed and validated theory to emphasis morals and values in leadership.

However, research on the theory is primarily based on the multifactor leadership questionnaire, which has produced inconsistent results.

Research has also focused heavily on senior-level leaders.

Transformational leadership also has the potential to be used negatively by leaders “faking it.” Regardless, transformational leadership theory is a valuable and widely used approach to studying and teaching leadership.

Negative transformational leadership has also been termed Pseudo Transformational leadership

Pseudo transformational leadership can appear like transformational leadership, but the difference is the leader has mostly concerns for themselves, and is only interested in the good of all, if they also benefit.

Examples: Joseph Stalin, Adolf Hitler, Napolean Bonparte