Untitled Flashcards Set

Advertising

The hidden curriculum - The body of knowledge about a product that people unconsciously absorb when consuming ads

The Penny Press - Papers that were sold for a penny - this made up about 30% of their revenue - 70% of their revenue came from advertisements (sold not the paper but the eyeballs for advertisers)

Propaganda - information of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote a particular political cause 

Prime time - invented by listening to the same show at the same time - radio networks developed “programming” - the blending of different types of content to maximize audiences for advertisers

Peak attention - Occurred in the 50’s and 60’s - Up to 70 million people tuned into TV networks each night 

The Pepsi Generation - When advertising shifted focus from the product to the user (Ex: Pepsi commercial - “when you drank something it said who you were”

PRIZM - Targeted advertising - used zip codes to divide the US into forty nations. An early form of targeted advertising 

AdWords - Developed by Google, the first online advertising platform - proved that advertising money could be made online.

Attention merchants - It is the basis for the formal structures of media and ideological structures of media - everyone is competing for people’s attention

Advertorial content - A paid advertisement that is written or produced in the style of an editorial or news article

Psychographic data - Online data taken from users that measure subjective information (Ex: likes and dislikes, opinions, religious beliefs)

Market research - Market segmentation and psychographic data 

Branding CPM  - (Cost per thousand) - is the basic measurement of advertising efficiency used to evaluate how much space an advertiser will buy in a given medium and what they will pay 

The press 

The printing press - Invented by Johannes Gutenberg - started the rise of printing culture - changed society 

Deliberative democracy - The concept that citizens in a democratic society think and discuss their world together and make rational decisions about politics based on these discussions

The First Amendment -  protects the freedoms of religion, speech, press, assembly, and the right to petition the government

The commercial revolution - Penny Press started this — These were papers that were sold for a penny - this made up about 30% of their revenue - 70% of their revenue came from advertisements 

The penny press sold not the paper but the eyeballs for advertisers - stories that would catch the eyes 

Beats - a variety of social, political, and commercial topics that Newspapers began to report on 

The telegraph Wire services - were used to sell stories to all of the major papers of the day aided by the telegraph. This helped elevate the standards of objectivity 

Yellow journalism—papers that compete for readership at the expense of facts—sets the standard for modern investigative journalism.

Muckrakers Newsreels — coined by Roosevelt — these are journalists that exposed the public to issues of poverty and corruption. They were early-day investigative journalists. 

The Fairness doctrine — mandated that when broadcasters discussed controversial topics they gave all sides a fair hearing 

New Journalism — citizen journalism: collection and distribution of the news by members of the public

Watergate— Nixon’s scandal where he directed his aids to burglarize his opponents — this scandal provided evidence for the importance and integrity of the news 

The news hole — the space in papers or the news that has to be filled — was expanded when CNN founded the 24-hour news channel

Cable news- news that provides 24-hour coverage 

Sinclair Broadcasting - one of the largest TV conglomerates — controls over 190 stations 

Aggregators - cites that collect news stories and related media in one singular place

The “great unbundling” - caused by social media and resulted in the decline of newspapers

“Democracy dies in darkness” - democracy must remail transparent or it can die

Film 

The Cinematographe - early motion picture device

The Kinetoscope - allowed viewers to watch a sequence of pictures through a peephole

 Nickelodeons - early movie theatre that charged a nickel for admission 

 The Golden Age of Hollywood - 1930 - 1948 Ridgid 7 year contracts with studios — studios had full control over stars

 The Old Studio Model - Studios had full control over production, distribution, and exhibition

The Star System United States versus Paramount Pictures — The supreme court decided that studios could no longer own their own theatres (this was problematic because in 1948, 100% of Hollywood’s revenue came from theatres)

 The American “New Wave” - style of movies with heightened realism (shooting on location), counter culture appeal, the rise of film schools 

 The blockbuster - movies that became cultural events 

High concept - movie with a simple concept (ex: Jaws, Snakes on a Plane, Groundhog Day, etc…)

 The Betamax case - The court ruled that Sony Beatmax (tape recorder) had significant enough non-infringing uses and they said that sony could sell it (created fear for studios because of illegal copying)

 The home video market - By the 90’s VHS sales became half of the studio’s prophet. (Blockbuster, etc…)

 The MPAA - Motion Picture Association

 Above the line labor - (actors, directors, producers, etc…)

 Below the line labor - (crew, people hauling equipment, etc…)

Production companies - Arrange deals and pitch to studios who fund production 

CinemaCon - Global convention for the movie theater industry that takes place annually in Las Vegas

“The secret is in the salt” - The main way theatres make money is through concessions.

Radio and TV

The public airwaves - In the US, airwaves are a public trust, owned by the people and licensed to broadcasters

Fireside chats - Radio series by Franklin Roosevelt started in 1933

The War of the Worlds - Sci Fi radio show by H.G. Wells — heightened fear and panic was reported but this could be partly dramatized by the newspaper 

iHeart Radio - Dominates terrestrial radio stations along with a couple of other conglomerates 

The Blue Book Programming - Released in 1946 by the FCC, this was a guide for broadcasters — Ultimately revolted by broadcasters and called the red book by detractors

The network business model - Relied on pre produced programming — sustained the industry 

Nielsen ratings — Measurement for radio audiences started in the 40’s

Sweeps week — a set of regulations that limited the ability of television networks to own and produce programming

Parasocial interaction - A one sided relationship 

The “Red Scare”  - Promoted by Mcarthy to prosecute movie and television talent - moved TV more to the right politically 

Fyn-syn regulations - a set of regulations that limited the ability of television networks to own and produce programming:

Cable Cord cutting - subscriptions have been steadily falling since 2000. In 2017, 22 million Americans did this.

ESPN - has charged cable providers high premiums for sports programming (this has kept people from leaving cable TV)

Netflix —- Became a content producer in 2012

YouTube — Allows content producers a new platform to create and distribute 

The Recording Industry 

Intellectual property - All creative intentions fall under this

 Licensing Fair Use - Allowed if: parodying or satire, Appropriation of art 

 Public domain - IP is part of the public domain after 95 years of creation 

 The Mickey Mouse rule - Steamboat Willie is in the public domain so it can be considered fair use

 Record labels - Promote and market their artists

 A & R (artists and repetoir executives) find and cultivate new artists for labels

RIAA - The recording Industry Association of America - awards gold records

Touring - Main way for artists to now make money 

The streaming model - Artists are now barely paid for streams — allow the public to access music instantly in a legal way