5) Series Circuits

1. Series Circuits Basics

• Definition: Components are connected in a single line between the positive and negative ends of the power supply.

• All-or-Nothing: Removing/disconnecting one component breaks the circuit, stopping the flow for all components.

• Use: Useful in designing circuits to measure quantities or test components.

2. Potential Difference in Series Circuits

• Shared Pd: The total potential difference (pd) of the supply is shared among the components.

• Formula: Total pd = V1+V2+…

3. Current in Series Circuits

• Same Current Everywhere: Current remains constant throughout all components.

• Formula: I=V/R

4. Resistance in Series Circuits

• Adds Up: The total resistance is the sum of individual resistances.

• Formula: Total resistance R_total = R1 + R2 + …

• Effect: Adding a resistor reduces the current for the same pd, increasing total resistance.

5. Cell Potential Differences in Series

• Increased Potential difference with More Cells: When cells are in series and aligned, their pds add up (e.g., two 1.5 V cells = 3 V total).