Untitled Flashcards Set

Highlighted Portions are potential short answer questions!

Motivation and Emotion – make sure you can define the following terms and questions

Motivation

What is motivation?

Biological (primary) vs psychological (secondary) motives

Ways of explaining motivation

Instinct

Drive reduction

Arousal approach

Incentive approach

Cognitive approaches (intrinsic and extrinsic motivation)

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Physiological needs

Safety needs

Love and belongingness

Esteem

Self-Actualization

Motive conflicts

Approach-approach conflict

Avoidance-avoidance conflict

Approach-avoidance conflict

Multiple approach-avoidance conflict

Brain mechanisms

Hypothalamus

Lateral hypothalamus

Ventromedial hypothalamus

Biological mechanisms

Glucose

Insulin

Ghrelin

Weight set point

Metabolism

Problems associated with eating

Obesity (BMI, risk factors, possible factors)

Eating disorders

Anorexia nervosa

Bulimia

Psychological motivations

Need for achievement

Mastery goals

Performance-approach goals

Performance-avoidance goals

Study showing which task high achievers would choose: extremely difficult,

moderately difficult, or extremely easy

Need for achievement Test

TAT (Thematic Apperception Test)

Two theories of need of affiliation

Inborn theory

Learning theory

Schachter (1959)

Need for power (man v woman)

Emotion

What are emotions?

Physiological

Cognitive

Theories of emotion

James-Lange theory

Facial feedback hypothesis

Cannon-Bard theory

Schachter-Singer theory

Development - make sure you can define the following terms and questions

What is development?

Maturation

Conception (zygote)

After conception

Zygotic stage

Embryonic stage

Fetal stage

Genetic defects

Down syndrome

Phenylketonuria

Sickle-cell anemia

Tay-Sachs disease

Genotype v Phenotype

Teratogens (environmental cause of birth defects)

Infancy and childhood

Neonate v infant

Reflexes

Rooting

Sucking

Gag

Startle

Babinski

Habituatio

Nipple sucking rate

Gaze direction and eye movements

Social-emotional growth

Harry and Margaret Harlow

What promotes attachment?

Harry Harlow (monkeys)

Mary Ainsworth (humans)

Strange situation

Attachment styles

Secure

Insecure

Ambivalent

Disorganized-disorientated

How do you promote secure attachment?

Parenting styles

Authoritarian

Authoritative

Permissive

Uninvolved

Are simply parents to blame? (temperament & resilience)

Erikson’s Psychosocial Developmental theory

Trust v Mistrust

Autonomy v Shame and Doubt

Initiative v Guilt

Industry v Inferiority

Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

Two mechanisms (assimilation & accommodation)

Four stages

Sensorimotor 

Object permanence

Preoperational

Egocentrism

Reversibility

Conservation

Concrete operational

Formal operational

Information processing approach

Vygotsky (zone of proximal development)

Adolescence

When does adolescence begin?

When is that?

What happens when you reach puberty?

Primary sexual characteristics (boys v girls)

Secondary sexual characteristics (boys v girls)

What psychological changes occur?

Formal operational period

Adolescent egocentrism

Imaginary audience

Personal fables

Hypocrisy

Pseudostupidity

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development

Preconventional level

Conventional level

Postconventional level

Gilligan’s Theory of Moral Development

Self-sacrifice

Equality

Crisis

Foreclosure

Identity diffusion

Negative identity

Moratorium

What are some warning signs of suicide?

Adulthood

Physical development

Cognitive development

Two theories of why we get old

Genetic preprogramming theories of aging

Wear-and-tear theories of aging

Social world of old people

Disengagement

Activity theory

Life review

Stages according to Erik Erikson

Intimacy v isolation

Generativity v Stagnation

Ego integrity v Despair

What will happen at the end?

Older people v young feelings about death

Religious v non-religious people feelings about death

5 stages (denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance)

Personality - make sure you can define the following terms and questions

What is personality?

How do we study personality?

Approaches to personality

Psychodynamic/psychoanalytic

Sigmund Freud

Three components

ID (devil on the shoulder)

Ego

Superego (angel on the other shoulder)

Conscience vs ego-ideal

"Freudian slip"

Defense mechanisms

Repression

Displacement

Sublimation

Projection

Rationalization

Reaction formation

Regression

Denial

Psychosexual development

Oral Stage

Anal Stage

Phallic Stage

Latency Stage

Genital Stage

Why is this theory so profoundly influential?

What are some criticisms?

Social cognitive

What does it place emphasis on?

Reciprocal determinism

Humanistic

Carl Rogers

positive regard

Why do problems occur?

Abraham Maslow

Deficiency oriented v growth oriented

Self-actualization

Traits

Gordon Allport – cardinal, central traits, secondary

Big Five Personality Traits (name and describe each)

Openness

Conscientiousness

Extraversion

Agreeableness

Neuroticism

Self-efficacy

Self-regulation

Biological and evolutionary

MZ Twins example

Interview and Observational Methods

Projective tests (Rorschach, TAT)

Objective tests (MMPI)

Barnum Effect