LAB 2

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Alright, we'll be working on chapter 2 and looking at Chapter 2. Very Fast Space. You'll be looking at that space number. Find it for you. One second. That space #15. OK, page 15. Page #15, we are looking at page 15.

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So we do have some prelab quizzes there. And if you look at the prelab quizzes we have here, let me move my I think it will be on the second phase. It is not here. I will move to this phase right here. That that is the prelab quiz answers you have here.

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Explain you know those questions you have here. Number one is asking you name the structural and functional unit of living things. Obviously you know that answer very well that cells looking at #2, the small intestine is an example of here and organ because it is composed of two or more tissue types that perform a particular function for the body.

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OK, so we are choosing organ here. Why organ? Because if you have or if you look at any organ, any organ is made of more than one kind of tissues. So if you look at small intestine then you will be seeing that in the in the additional wall we have.

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Tissues that epithelial tissues, we have done anything about tissue here, so you don't know much about it. So like that's the the lining from inside that that would be epithelial tissues then then we have muscles in the wall of the our GI tract so that our GI tract can contract, can relax and that way it can make those peristal, peristal.

2:21
Case or periscaltic motion there, right. So our GI tract has fibrous tissue in it, so which is in the form of connective tissues then that you call them connective tissues. So you are looking at there are different kinds of tissues involved in the wall of the small intestine. The same thing is true when you look at the in the the wall of the large intestine. It has different types of tissues too.

2:51
So so these are all the examples of the organs. Looking at #3, the blank system is responsible for maintaining homeostasis of the body via rapid transmission of electrical signal. A nervous system is your answer here. Now let me explain that to you. I have explained this to you before that homeostasis is the ideal condition that what it means. The homeostasis means.

3:19
And when you are looking at the homeostasis maintenance in our body, it is the function of all different types of organ systems together. However, you will be looking at 2 organ systems are most important for this process. One is the nervous system and one is the endocrine system. Nervous system functions the electrical signals, so obviously it is a rapid system.

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Whereas our endocrine system is functioning using hormones. So you know glands of endocrine glands they make, they will make hormones or body fluid will transport the hormones. Hormones can reach the targeted cells and then the cells can respond. So a hormonal system is a slower system or a nervous system is a fast system needed?

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So that is you are looking at here number four, question #4, the kidneys are, they are part of the urinary system. If you look at your kidney or look at the ureters, OK, looking at the bladder, looking at the urethra, they all belong to the urinary system. So a kidney that will filter blood.

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And it will produce filtrate. And from the filtrate it will produce the urines so that all the excess waters in our excess water in our body along with unwanted substances can be excreted. Looking at #5, the thin muscles that separates the duracic and abdominal cavity, you know that one very well. That's the diaphragm. You have gone through the body cavities, right?

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The muscle that will separate the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity that is our diaphragm, so that takes care of it. Remember that free lab who is questions are always important for you. They can be modified and may be asked when you take your lab test.

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To take one lab test, you will know that exactly because it is basically the same format for your lab test 2, lab test 3, lab test 4:00. So it will come like that. Next thing that I am looking at now, the organ system review right here, that's going to be on page #23.

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Phase #23OK in your lab manual that's where it starts, that organ system review. So what do you have in there? Then again here I'll say that make sure guys that play with your pal practice anatomy lab, practice. Not to me lab. That's the important for you so that you can learn those you know. But the organs we have here. So here you can see in the model what is the brain, the learnings, the voice bugs.

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The thyroid gland, OK. The trachea, then our lungs, then our heart, our diaphragm in the liver, stomach spleen, large intestine, right. Then small intestine momentum. So these are, you know, the major Organism that you're looking at here, so.

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Learn it well because this is, this is going to be something very important for your test. Know this the location of these organs here and know to identify these organs right. If you see a similar picture and then I have a line drawn from here and asking you what what this organ is, then you should know that this is the alarm or this is the heart or this is the ladings.

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Or this is the thyroid. So learn them well, it is important for you. And then I am moving to the question #2 here. Question #2 is also a very important, you know part of this chapter, very important part. So So what? What does it do here that here you are looking at? They are giving you a list of organs and then asking you that.

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They belong to which organ system? So you name the organ system they belong to, basically. So you have thymus, you have spleen, you have lymphatic vessel. They all belong to your lymphatic system, a system that will defend our body from diseases also known.

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That thymus here that belongs to lymphatic system. But thymus makes hormones, so thymus is also going to be a part of the endocrine system too right? So in case if you question that if a spleen belongs to then you are looking at the organ system find. So one of the choice can be lymphatic. But if the question is thymus belongs to.

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Then it may be a lymphatic system, It may be an endocrine system. So if I use a lymphatic system, then I cannot use endocrine as one of your choice. If I use endocrine, then I cannot use lymphatic as one of your choice. Unless you know I say that that lymphatic, the endocrine or both of the above may know things like that, then that's that's something that you can do.

9:16
So know this. Bones, cartilages, tendons. They make out skeletal system. Pancreas A pity to decline. They are part of the endocrine system. But there are so many other endocrine glands too. Now pancreas again. Pancreas is endocrine, Pancreas be exocrine too.

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I think it would be a little bit more complicated for you. Let's let's keep it the way right now here. But since I started it, let me explain that that what happens that if you look at your pancreas, the most part of pancreas is going to be involved with the production of digestive enzymes so that you can digest our food. So that's the exoprine function, meaning that pancreas will have its own.

10:08
That is called the pancreatic duct, so that all the product they make, it can be delivered to the duodenum of the small intestine, that is the exocrine part. But pancreas has, you know, small practice of cells in there that you call the islands or eyelids. And those eyelids or islands of cells they make harmless and that is the endocrine part of you.

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So yes, pancreas when it comes to pancreas, it belongs to actually both. It's a mixed organ that it is endocrine function. It is also exocrine function. You know, we haven't done anything with exo and endo in your case because this is we talk more about these things in Chapter #16, which is the hormone chapter.

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But you'll learn anyway that ahead of time that the difference between exocrine and endocrine, that's a very basic thing to learn. So somewhere down the line, you'll see that information here. OK. Then the next question you have here, trachea, bronca and law, they belong to our respiratory system, right? So, All right, so that takes care of this year.

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And then I am moving to the next phase again that as I said that this is very important one for you. You are looking at Epidarmis dharmis, cutaneous sense organs, meaning skin sense organs like your receptors in the scheme so that you can feel pain, you can feel pressure, you can, you can feel but touch all those, right. So all of them, they belong to the integumentary system, integument meaning scheme.

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Refers to the scheme test is prostate that belongs to reproductive. Same way if it is the ovary or uterus that is also you will be the same answer that they belong to reproductive system. Here liver, large intestine, ****** all they belong to digestive system. But same way that if you have small intestine that belongs to digestive system. If you have gallbladder that belongs to digestive system, if you have pancreas that.

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Comes to digestive system. So there are so many, they just give you a short very few things from the entire system. Here Urinary kidney, urethra. They belong to unary bladder. What about? I mean unary system about urinary bladder? Bladder belongs to unary system too and so. So that takes care of it. Now let us look at question #3.

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Question #3 right here asking you name the cells that are produced by the testes and ovaries. So you can say from testes we are making sperms, from the ovaries we are making ovum or A and both sperm. A they are going to be you can call them gamuts. So maybe you can say sperm and ovum and then in parenthesis you can say gamuts.

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That would do. You do not have to write down the exactly you know. It is written right here. You do not not exactly them. I am explaining to you. You understand it do your own way the best way that that that you can remember it. Look at #4 list of four primary tissue types. Again we have not done anything with the tissue yet but this is what I am going to tell you that if you look at human body.

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There are so many different types of tissues there, but they all belong to four different groups. Either they any particular tissue in your body, either it will it will belong to epithelial tissue, which is the lining tissue.

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Liner or you are looking at the connective tissue which is the support tissue of the body or it will belong to the muscle tissue that responsible for you know body movement pumping our blood and organ movement and all that because muscles they they function by contraction or they it will be it will belong to the nervous tissue. So we these are the four major types of tissues we have in our body.

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And then we have so many Subs from each kind. Next question they are asking here that explain why an artery is an organ, simple that any organ is made of more than one kind of tissues. So if you look at the arteries, arteries has different types of tissues, it has the epithelial tissue in it.

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It has the connective tissues in it. It has the muscle tissue in it. So it is going to be an organ. Number six asking you name the two main main organ systems, excuse me, and that communicates within the body to maintain homeostasis. Briefly explain the different control mechanism.

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So as I mentioned to you in your chapter one, I believe that homeostasis is maintained by all different organ systems have been organ. However, two of them would be the most important one. One is the nervous system and one would be the endorrine system. Out of these two, the.

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Nervous system is working via electrical impulses. As a result, the action of the system would be rapid quick action, whereas our endocrine system is functioning via formers. So the action of our endocrine system would be much slower as compared to the nervous system but our nervous system.

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And the endocrine system. These are the two most important organ systems we have to maintain our booming thesis. Alright, done with this. Moving to #7. Excuse me for a second, OK?

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#7 asking you explain the role of this skeletal system plays in facilitating cardiovascular system function. So simple way that how this skeletal system?

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Is helping our cardiovascular system, meaning the system that is circulating our blood. How scale system is helping that? Now look at it in two different ways. One way to look at it, think about your rib case. Your rib case is made of skeletal system. You have the ribs, right? You have the sternum, the bones.

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And then ribs and stannum, they are connected by cartilages. So bones and cartilages both, they belong to your skeletal system. And what happens there that this rib case is protecting our heart which is circulating our blood. So you are looking at protection function here. Now look at the other aspect of it. The other aspect of it is.

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That if you think about our blood, blood has blood cells, right? We have dead blood cells. We have white blood cells. We have platelets. Now where they are coming from, the blood cells are produced from our we have a type of stem cells called the hematopodin stem cells. They make the blood cells. Where do we have those stem cells? They are inordinate matter.

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What do I have? Red bone marrow. That inside the spongy bone and spongy bone, they belong to our skeletal system. Any bone would belong to the skeletal system, right. So again, that spongy bone has red marrow, red marrow has stem cells and stem cells makes our blood cells. So now you can see the blood is part of your cardiovascular system. Now see that? How so when making blood cells?

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It is a support system, right. It is a support function. Who does that? The cardiovascular system. So these are the two ways you can relate that that one way it is protecting our heart and the other way it is making our blood cells. Question 8-9 and ten, those are your.

19:48
You know, critical thinking questions that you call them. So let us look at question #8. What what you have here that untreated you know like this critical thinking questions sometimes you know like if they are good ones. We do have answer to that. Sometimes I feel that you know there may not be that great for you to know right away at that point eventually you, you know capture it.

20:20
Untreated diabetes melitus can lead to a condition in which the blood is more acidic than normal. Name two organ system that plays the largest role in compensating for acid base balance. One thing to remember that when you look at acid base balance you are looking at the pH balance is the same thing. Acid base balance is your.

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We talked about that in your chapter 2 if you remember lecture chapter 2. Now to maintaining that acid base balance or PhD balance. Our respiratory system is very much involved because it removes our CO2 and CO2 has not to do with our pH balance in the body or acid base balance in the body, OK?

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And then the other thing is involved here is the urinary system because think logically that to maintain the tissue pH we have to maintain our blood pH. And to maintain the blood pH we have to remove all the unwanted substances from the blood that can that can interfere with our blood pH. And so who would remove those unwanted things from blood That is our, that is our kidney.

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That is the urinary part of the urinary system because kidney can filter blood and take out all the excess water. We have been there and all the unwanted substances we have been there. So you are looking at the respiratory system is part of it and the urinary system is part of it when it comes to maintaining pH balance or the acid base balance in our body, OK.

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Go to the next question #9, the mother of the child to receive a thymectomy, meaning removal of thymus gland. Ask you if there would be any side effects from the removal of the gland. Which two organ systems would you mention in your explanation? OK, alright, so somebody is scheduled to to to take out the the thymus gland.

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A child and the mother is asking you that together. If the thymus is taken out then what is going to happen to to my child then? Right. So is there any side effect for that? That is yes. So what is the side effect you are looking at here? What you can explain that first of all thymus gland is the gland. Let me give you some background information. It is in our upper thoracic cavity and.

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As I told you to the thymus gland belongs to our endocrine system and it belongs to our lymphatic system both. Now let's look at the endocrine system part that what would happen to the endocrine? You know what's the relation within here we have blood, right?

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Blood has blood cells, red blood cells, white blood cells, you know all different types of blood cells we are looking at. Then we have different types of white blood cells, all blood cells. They derived from a group of cells called hematopoietic stem cells. So they are in the bone marrow, red matter. I explained that to you already. So when our blood cells are produced from the bone marrow.

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Our T cells, we call them T lymphocyte cells with a type of white blood cells. They are extremely good for us to defend our body. But when they are born from our red marrow, those T cells are non functional. They do not work because they are not matured to to work. So what we have to do then what happens to those cells after they derived from bone marrow?

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These cells get help from our thymus gland. Thymus gland will produce hormones and those hormones like thymosines for example, those hormones will help the maturation of those T cells. So those T cells can be functional T cells. So obviously when somebody is thymus is removed then that you know that T cells does not get the help from the thymus anymore because.

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The thymus is gone. So it is not going to see those hormones made from the thymus that could help the maturation of the T cells. So that is going to be one side. You are looking at second thing that you are looking at that. So what about the lymphatic system, what is the lymphatic system? That lymphatic system is involved with defending our bodies.

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And if you look at the lymphoid organs that makes the system, every lymphoid organ is somehow related to all lymphocyte cells, lymphocyte cells. When you look at lymphocyte cells, we have a type of lymphocyte cells called T cells. I just mentioned about that we have A lymphocyte cells called B cells. Now T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, these are basically part of your white blood cell population.

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Both the T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, they are white blood cells. We have. So what happens that that when our SO the SO the lymphocyte, the lymphoid organs are those organs that either they are helping the lymphocyte cells to be functional cells or they keep the lymphocyte cells?

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They harvest the lymphocyte cells, they help them to grow etcetera is meaning anyhow they are involved with the lymphocyte cells. They are considered to be lymphoid organ, you know I mean they are part of the lymphatic system, the lymphoid organs, so part of the lymphatic system. So the thymus is a lot of the lymphatic system that way because it is helping only lymphocyte cells to develop so.

26:54
When thymus is gone it is affecting 2 systems endocrine system because it is it has endocrine function and it has it is part of the lymphatic system too. So it is it is harming both systems. So that is the answer you are looking at. Maybe I have you know talk too much here but I hope that it will help you to to understand it that how it is number 10 question #10 here individuals with.

27:23
Asplania are missing their spleen or have a spleen that does not function well. It is recommended that these patients talk to their doctor about vaccines that are indicated for their health condition. Explain how this recommendation correlates to their chronic health condition. So The thing is.

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That that those who does not have any spleen or or the spleen does not function die. They are asking that go and talk to your physician if they can become into any vaccine for any given health condition, right that can help improve that health condition. Now what is the relation here between the vaccines?

28:12
And the and the spleen right here, right. So if you understand that spleen is the organ that is going to filter our blood to remove microbes, to remove debris so that it can help. So other way that it is helping our body to to defend our body. So our spleen is part of your olymphatic system, it is part of our immune system.

28:41
There is no actual a system called immune system. Immune function is is a function of so many different organ systems together. So it is better not say immune system that but immunity is there so it is helping with the immunity. Now if somebody does not have the spleen or does not have functional spleen that means.

29:08
That person is not getting this help from spleen, meaning the blood is not filtered the way the spleen would do to remove the you know microbes remove the debris all that yeah. So and that may lead to some you know, health condition for them. So they are they are being advised that why don't you go and talk to physician that if the physician can give you any vaccine.

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That can find this particular condition you are suffering from. So your speed is not helping but the vaccine can help. So that's the relation that you are looking at here that when the spleen is not functioning then to you know it you know to help that the condition there and they are suffering with vaccine and you know can play a role. So that's your answer right here.

30:07
Now you can use that long explanation and that written here or you know, use the explanation I gave you and then you can, you can write it up the way you are understand to make it short, right. So that's that's the last thing, the last space from this chapter that you're looking at. Now it's a short chapter. Understand that it's a short chapter.

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But it extremely good chapter for you in terms of your test. I see a lot of potential questions that can be asked from here, especially when it comes to your organ identifying the organs. I'll be using pictures for your lab test. Know that. So lab test will have pictures and so identify the organs.

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Then the question #2 here that you are looking at different you know, organs with different systems. So look at those, those that you know the two most important things I am looking at. Then look at the rest of it. OK, so those are great. So alright, so I am done with it. So guys work on it and you know master it. OK. Thank you.