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Chapter 1- Biology: The Study of Life

Theories of Personality: Hans Eysenck & Raymond Cattell

NAV Final

Nautical Charts- Graphic representations of areas of the Earth, in digital or hard copy form, for use in marine navigation.

Course-The horizontal direction in which a vessel is intended to be steered, measured from north at 000° clockwise though 360°.

Heading-The direction in which a vessel is pointed at any given moment, expressed as angular distance from 000° clockwise through 360°.

Bearing-The direction of one terrestrial point from another, expressed as angular distance from 000° clockwise through 360°. Is expressed as either true or relative bearing.

Speed-The rate of motion, or distance per unit of time. In navigation we use Knot, or a rate of 1 NM (2,025.37 yards…we usually just say 2,000!) per hour.

Lines of Position (LOP)-A line that is plotted on a chart with which our position lies. It may be taken from a visual aid, RADAR or a celestial sight reduction.

Fix-A position derived from measuring external reference points, typically the intersection of three or more LOPs.

Prime Meridian-The base line of Longitude from which all lines of longitude are measured from. Based in Greenwich, England and runs from True North to True South.

Longitude-The angular distance between the Prime Meridian (base longitude) and the meridian of a point on Earth. Measured 000°-180° East or West of the Prime Meridian, meridians.

Equator-A great circle at latitude 0° that bisects the Northern and Southern Hemisphere.

Latitude-The angular distance from the Equator (base latitude) measured north or south from 000°-90° at the polees, Parallels.

Rhumb Line-A line, typically drawn on a chart, that is making the same angle with all meridians. It has a path with constant bearing relative to the true north.

-Great Circle Line-A line that represents the circular intersection of a sphere and a plane passing through the sphere’s center point.

Dead Reckoning (DR)-Determines a predicted position by advancing a known position for courses and distances.

Piloting-Involves navigating in restricted waters with frequent or constant determination of position relative to nearby geographic and hydrographic features.

RADAR Navigation-Involves using RADAR to determine the distance from or bearing to objects whose position is known. This is separate from collision avoidance!

Satellite Navigation-Uses radio signals from satellites to determine position.

Celestial Navigation-Involves reducing celestial measurements taken with a sextant to lines of position utilizing spherical trigonometry either by hand or with computer programs.

Phases of Navigation:

1.Restricted Waters-Navigating less than 2 nautical miles from land or shoal water, typically in narrow canals, channels, rivers and estuaries.

2.Piloting Waters-Navigating within 2-10 nautical miles of land or shoal, typically as we go to a harbor entrance or through bays and sounds and negotiating harbor approach channels.

3.Coastal Waters-Navigating within >10-30 nautical miles of land or shoal water.

4.Open Ocean-Navigating over 30 nautical miles away from land or shoal water.

Pub No 9: Premier encyclopedia of navigation, Valuable handbook on oceanography and meteorology

The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA)-Produces charts and nautical publications used extensively by the U.S. Military. Disseminates maritime safety information in the form of Notice to Mariners (NTM).

The United States Naval Observatory (USNO)-Scientific and military facility that produces geopositioning, navigation and timekeeping data for the United States Navy and the United States Department of Defense. It is one of the oldest scientific agencies in the United States, and remains the country's leading authority for astronomical and timing data for all purposes

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-Produces charts and nautical publications used extensively by both the Navy and Merchant fleets. Primarily covers the coastal areas of the US and Great Lakes.

The United States Coast Guard (USCG)- Maintains aids to navigation, provides updates for Navigation Warnings for US Districts and produces Local Notice to Mariners. Publishes the Rules of the Road book that we use!

National Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO)-Provides oceanographic products and services to all elements within the Department of Defense.

International Hydrographic Organization (IHO)-Sets forth hydrographic standards to be agreed upon by member nations. Ensures nautical charts produced by different nations have uniformity in design.

International Maritime Organization (IMO)- Coordinates international policy on maritime matters. Adopts conventions and protocols for safety at sea, such as International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGS)…or the Rules of the Road!

The International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities (IALA)-Provides technical coordination, information sharing and coordination of improvements to visual aids to navigation around the world.

Geodesy-The application of mathematics to model the size and shape of the Earth.

World Geodetic System (1984) ellipsoid model.

Datum is defined as something used as a basis for calculating or measuring.

Hydrography-The science of the measurement and description of the features which affect marine navigation, including water depths, shorelines, tides, currents, bottom type and undersea obstructions.

Cartography-Transforms the scientific data taken by hydrography and converts it into a usable chart. This is the ultimate end of nautical chart

production.

The Lead Line (pronounced like the periodic element)-is a device consisting of a marked line with a lead weight attached to one end.

Wire Drag, like the lead line, has been used for a long time. Designed to detect submerged features such as wrecks, rocks and obstructions in nearshore areas where under keel clearance is critical

Echosounders: Determines depth by measuring the time it takes a pulse of sound to travel from source, to seabed and back to source.

Bathymetric LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging)-uses laser transmitters to conduct hydrographic surveys from aircrafts.

Category Zones of Confidence (CATZOC) provide information about the quality and coverage of cartographic data in the area.

The most commonly used projections are Mercator Projections and Gnomonic Projections.

Mercator Projections: most common projection used in maritime navigation, because Rhumb Lines are plotted as straight lines.

Gnomonic Projections is when the reference lines are projected from the center of the Earth onto a tangent plane (equator, at either poles or any other latitude), All Great Circles are displayed as straight lines

Small scale chart: big area

Large scale chart: small area

Chart scales (small to large)

Sailing
General
Coastal
Harbor

Compass Rose is used to measure direction (true or magnetic) using a slider/parallel ruler.

Distance Scale is used to measure distances using a compass or divider.

National Ocean Service (NOS)

1.Governmental agency for charting the coastal waters of US

2.Division of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

3.Charts are produced for coastal US waters, most rivers and Great Lakes for commercial and civilian use.

-Army Corps Of Engineers

1.Mississippi River (and its tributaries) and some inland lakes.

-National Geospatial Intelligence Agency (NGA)

1.Nautical charts for the Department of Defense and international use.

-United Kingdom Hydrographic Office (UKHO)

1.Nautical charts for the Ministry of Defense (MOD) and for maritime organizations around the world.

2.Provided commercial portfolio of SOLAS compliant charts, publications and digital services.

Chart No. 1: lists and provides descriptions of many of the symbols you will find on a nautical chart.

List of Lights (NGA)

–Contains a summary of all lights, sound signals, buoys, beacons and other aids to navigation for international waters

U.S. Coast Pilot (NOAA): –Contains a wide variety of detailed information about harbors and coastal areas of the U.S.in 9 regional volumes.

Light List (USCG)–Contains a summary of all lights, sound signals, buoys, beacons and other aids to navigation in U.S. waters.

Fleet Guide (NGA): –Available only for ports with major naval facilities

–Designed to acquaint incoming naval ships with pertinent command, navigational, operational, repair and logistics information

Nautical Almanac: –Publication needed to conduct celestial observations and sight reductions.

–Contains information on Sunrise, Sunset, Moonrise, Moonset and compact sight reduction tables.

–Produced annually by the USNO and the UKHO.

Distances Between Ports (NGA)

–Calculates distances between ports and/or major junction points around the world.

World Port Index (NGA): Listing of thousands of ports around the world. Describes location, characteristics, facilities and services available.

International Code of Signals (NGA): Listing of signals employed by vessels to communicate.Signals can be transmitted by lights, morse code, sounds, semaphore flags and telephone.

Notice to Mariners (NGA): Published weekly and prepared jointly by NGA and NOAA. Advises mariners of important matters affecting navigational safety, including dangers to navigation, new hydrographic information, changes to aids to navigation, and more.

Local Notice to Mariners (USCG): Issued by each USCG district to disseminate information affecting navigational safety in their district.

Navigation Rules and Regulations Handbook(USCG): Produced by the USCG.Rules based on the Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972 (COLREGS).

Lateral System: best suited for well-defined channels

Cardinal System: best suited for coasts with numerous isolated rocks, shoals and islands

IALA Region A is identified by green buoys to starboard when entering from sea.

üEurope, Africa, Australia and most of Asia use IALA A.

ü“Red Right Leaving”

-IALA Region B is identified by red buoys to starboard when entering from sea.

üNorth, Central, South America, Japan, Korea and Philippines use IALA B.

ü“Red Right Returning”

5 shapes of Buoys

1.Can

2.Cone (Nun buoy falls into this)

3.Sphere

4.Pillar

5.Spar

Cardinal Mark : used in conjunction with the compass to indicate where the mariner may find the best navigable water.

Isolated Danger Mark is erected on, or moored on or above, an isolated danger which has

navigable water around it. Typically a pillar or spar buoy.

Safe Water Mark is used to indicate that there is navigable water all around the mark. May be spherical, pillar or spar buoys

Physical surface: Tangible and can be traversed and measured

Geoid: Earth is an irregular surface which has no complete mathematical expression, Use a measurement called Mean Sea Level to give a fuller representation of the way the Earth’s surface varies in elevation

Ellipsoid: Reference for the surface which is completely mathematical

Electronic Charting System (ECS) is a computer assisted navigation system capable of displaying electronic nautical charts and the vessel’s position in near real time.

Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) is a navigation information system which with adequate back-up arrangements can be accepted as complying with the up-to-date chart required by the 1974 SOLAS Convention

Celestial Sphere

All the Celestial Bodies outside our Solar System are projected onto the

Declination is the Celestial Body’s position measured as an angle North or South of the Celestial Equator.

Nautical Almanac: produced in conjunction between the U.S. Naval Observatory and the U.K. Hydrographic Office and provides the primary source of ephemeral data required to solve the celestial triangle

Zenith (Zn): If I stood at our AP on Earth’s surface, if we look directly upwards at 90°, our position projected onto the Celestial Sphere is called our .

Nadir: If a line was drawn from a Celestial Body (CB) at 90° towards the Earth’s center, the position of the Earth is the Geographic Position (GP) of a star or body.

The 3 vertices of the Celestial Triangle are: