support reproductive system Recording-2025-02-13T14:37:24.846Z

Overview of Female and Male Reproductive Disorders

• Discussion topics include breast cancer, uterine cancer, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, testicular cancer, and common reproductive disorders.

Breast Cancer

• Risk Factors:

  • Age over 60, family history of cancer, personal history of breast or other cancers (colon, endometrial, ovarian).

  • Early menarche, late menopause, full-term pregnancy after 30, nulliparity (having no children).

  • Sedentary lifestyle, high-fat diet, alcohol consumption, benign breast disease, and obesity after menopause.

  • Radiation exposure and hormone replacement therapy history may also contribute.

• Clinical Manifestations:

  • New mass or lump, usually hard and irregular.

  • Changes in breast shape, swelling, and possible inversion of the nipple.

• Diagnostic Tests:

  • Mammography, ultrasound, biopsy (most definitive), and sentinel lymph node biopsy.

• Treatment Options:

  • Lumpectomy, mastectomy, chemotherapy, and radiation, depending on cancer stage.

Cancer Staging

• Stage I: Localized within the breast.

• Stage II: Locally advanced towards lymph nodes.

• Stage III: Large tumor with lymph node involvement.

• Stage IV: Metastatic disease with widespread lymphatic involvement.

Dysmenorrhea

• Definition: Painful menstrual periods.

• Symptoms: Abdominal cramps, headache, nausea, and vomiting.

• Treatment: NSAIDs and oral contraceptives; lifestyle modifications and kegel exercises can help.

Endometriosis

• Definition: Presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus.

• Symptoms: Dysmenorrhea, excessive bleeding, and infertility.

• Diagnosis: Laparoscopy with biopsy.

• Treatment: Depends on fertility desires; options include hormonal therapies or hysterectomy.

Uterine & Vaginal Disorders

• Uterine Prolapse: Uterus descends into the vaginal canal; managed with pelvic exercises or surgery.

• Cystocele: Bulging of bladder into the vagina; kegel exercises recommended.

• Rectocele: Prolapse of the rectum; similar management to cystocele.

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)

• Characteristics: Benign ovarian cysts leading to irregular periods and fertility issues.

• Symptoms: Hirsutism, obesity, and acne; treated with lifestyle changes and medication.

Male Reproductive Disorders

Testicular Cancer

• Risk Factors: Undescended testes (cryptorchidism), family history, and Down syndrome.

• Symptoms: Painless lump in scrotum, swelling, and abdominal heaviness.

• Diagnosis: Testicular self-exam, ultrasound, tumor markers, CT/MRI scans.

• Treatment: Surgical removal of the affected testicle; possible chemotherapy/radiation.

Erectile Dysfunction (ED)

• Causes: Vascular issues (diabetes, cardiovascular disease), psychological factors, and substance abuse.

• Treatment: Viagra, Cialis, Levitra; injectable medications and vacuum pumps may be alternatives.

• Contraindications: Use of nitrates due to the risk of severe hypotension.

Important Nursing Responsibilities

• Patient Education: Teach self-exams (breast and testicular), adherence to check-ups, and medication administration.

• Monitoring: Regular assessments post-surgery, pain management, and education on recovery and lifestyle changes.