Understanding-data-and-ways-to-systematically-collect-data

Understanding Data and Ways to Systematically Collect Data

• Practical Research 1 Quarter 2 - Module 5

Lesson 1 - Qualitative Research Design

Types of Qualitative Research Designs

• Case Study

• Ethnography

• Grounded Theory

Narrative Inquiry

Historical Analysis

Phenomenology

Case Study

• Definition: Involves a detailed examination of a single subject (individual, group, or event) to explore complex issues in real-life contexts.

When to Conduct a Case Study

1. Exploratory Research

   • Useful for exploring new topics or phenomena.

   • Example: Studying a newly discovered plant species to document characteristics.

2. Descriptive Research

   • Provides detailed descriptions of complex phenomena.

   • Example: Describing the experiences of individuals with a rare disease.

3. Explanatory Research

   • Helps identify causal relationships within the phenomenon.

   • Example: Investigating reasons for success or failure in a business strategy.

4. Theory Building

   • Develops or refines theories through systematic case analysis.

5. Critical Instance

   • Studies rare or unusual phenomena for theoretical or practical insights.

   • Example: Phineas Gage and brain-behavior relationships.

6. Comparative Analysis

   • Compares different cases or contexts.

   • Example: Analyzing policy implementation effectiveness across countries.

Steps to Create a Case Study

Step 1: Select a Case

• Careful selection ensures relevance and meaningful contribution.

Considerations for Selection

• Define Objectives: Clarify the purpose and desired outcomes.

• Focus on Unique Cases: Explore neglected or unusual cases for special insights.

• Choose a Representative Case: Select common cases for generalization.

• Avoid Bias: Use random or criteria-based selection.

• Define Boundaries: Clearly outline the scope, timeframe, and stakeholders involved.

• Ethical Considerations: Ensure confidentiality and informed consent.

Step 2: Build a Theoretical Framework

• Conduct Literature Review: Identify relevant concepts and theories.

• Establish Connections with Theory: Link the case study with existing theories in the field.

• Guide Analysis: Use the framework to guide findings.

Step 3: Collect Data

• Use diverse methods: interviews, observations, primary/secondary sources analysis, surveys, mixed methods.

Approaches to Case Study Reporting

• Structured Approach: Follows a scientific paper format for clarity.

• Narrative Approach: Explores meanings and implications in a storytelling format.

Elements of an Effective Case Study

• Contextual Details: Provide background information relevant to the case.

• Literature and Theory Connections: Connect findings to existing research and theories.

• Wider Patterns/Debates Consideration: Discuss implications for future research or practice.

Ethnography

Definition

• A qualitative method for collecting data, rooted in anthropology.

Applications

• Used in social sciences including health care, education, and cultural studies.

Ethnographic Methods

1. Observation: Active and passive participant observation.

2. Interviews: Gain insights by observing and questioning participants.

3. Archival Research: Analyze existing documents and reports.

Grounded Theory

Definition

• A systematic qualitative method that collects data to build theories 'grounded' in the results.

Strengthening Validity

• Comparison of grounded results enhances the validity of findings.

Use Cases

• Useful when existing theory is available or there is a lack of current research.

Narrative Inquiry

Definition

• Records experiences of individuals or groups through interviews, presented chronologically.

Forms of Narrative Inquiry

• Can be documented as biography or oral history.

Phenomenology

Definition

• Aims to understand universal essence of phenomena through human experiences.

Characteristics

• Descriptive design aiming to accurately depict experiences.

Data Collection Methods

• Participant Observation

• Interviews

• Analysis of Personal Text

• Action Research

• Focus Meetings

Research Topic Classification

1. Perception of Filipino Women and Men on Intimate Partner Violence - Phenomenology

2. Social Responsibility: Perceived Successful Student Leadership Experience - Grounded Theory

3. Research among Drinking Youth Cultures - Ethnography

4. Experiences of Helping Professionals With Learning Disabilities - Narrative Inquiry

5. Gender and Climate Change Finance - Case Study