AP Physics 1 Kinetic Energy (KE) Recording-2025-01-27T19:23:58.731Z

Introduction to Forces and Shotgun Mechanics

• Newton's 3rd Law of Motion: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

• When the shotgun fires:

  • The hammer strikes the cap inside the shell, igniting the gunpowder.

  • The explosion pushes equally on the shotgun and the pellets; the forces are equal but opposite.

Impulse and Force

• The force is applied to both the shotgun and pellets for the same duration, hence the impulse (force times time) is the same for both.

• Using the formula:

  • Impulse = Force × Time

• Equation of motion: Force = Mass × Acceleration

  • Thus, Mass of shotgun × Acceleration of shotgun = Mass of pellet × Acceleration of pellet.

Conservation of Momentum

• Law of Conservation of Momentum: Total momentum before an event has to equal total momentum after the event.

• Before the shotgun fires, momentum = 0.

• After firing, the momentum of the shotgun and pellet must cancel each other out:

  • Equation: ( m_b \times v_b = m_a \times v_a ) (momentum of shotgun = momentum of pellet)

• Masses differ significantly leading to different velocities post-fire.

• Example:

  • Average mass of shotgun = 3.1 kg.

  • Average mass of pellet = 0.031 kg.

Explanation of Recoil and Pellets

• Shotguns weigh more to mitigate recoil.

• Recommendation: shotgun weight should ideally be 100 times the mass of the pellets to reduce recoil.

• A lighter shotgun results in more recoil, leading to painful shooting experience due to faster backward motion.

Example and Visualization

• Illustration: Comparing recoil force and velocity.

• Men in Black Scene: Highlights the unrealistic expectation of recoil from a small gun (the "noisy cricket").

Kinetic Energy Calculations

Calculation of Shotgun Kinetic Energy

• Kinetic Energy (KE) formula: ( KE = \frac{1}{2}mv^2 )

• For shotgun:

  • Mass = 3.1 kg, Velocity after firing = 3.65 m/s.

  • ( KE = \frac{1}{2} \times 3.1 \text{ kg} \times (3.65 , \text{m/s})^2 = \approx 20.3 , ext{Joules} )

• Significance: A force of about 20 Joules is impactful enough to bruise one’s shoulder upon recoil from firing.

Calculation of Pellets Kinetic Energy

• For pellets:

  • Mass = 0.031 kg, Velocity = 365 m/s.

  • ( KE = \frac{1}{2} \times 0.031 \text{ kg} \times (365 , \text{m/s})^2 = \approx 2,065 , ext{Joules} )

• Highlights disparity in energy: shotgun has 20 Joules, pellets have 2,065 Joules, illustrating why the pellets are dangerous.

Important Distinction: Energy vs. Force and Momentum

• Conclusion: Equal forces and equal momenta do not ensure equal kinetic energy.

• The energy derives largely from the square of velocity: ( KE \propto v^2 )

• Example: Small mass with high velocity results in high energy, emphasizing importance in dynamics of collisions and impacts.

Application Beyond Shotguns

Example: Impact of Different Players in Football

• Defensive Lineman (150 kg), Velocity (5 m/s):

  • Momentum = 150 kg × 5 m/s = 750 kg.m/s.

  • KE = ( \frac{1}{2} \times 150 \times (5)^2 = 18.75 , ext{J} )

• Defensive Back (75 kg), Velocity (10 m/s):

  • Momentum = 75 kg × 10 m/s = 750 kg.m/s.

  • KE = ( \frac{1}{2} \times 75 \times (10)^2 = 3750 , ext{J} )

• Implication: Defensive Back delivers more energy in a hit despite equal momentum due to increased velocity, demonstrating importance of velocity in energy delivery in effects of collisions.

Conclusion

• In physical contexts, understanding the difference between force, momentum, and kinetic energy is crucial.

• Key takeaway: While forces and momenta may equalize, it's kinetic energy that can cause real damage, highlighting the energy's role in impacts and collisions.