Chapter 17 - Lab

Forms pathways between the diencephalon, cerebrum, and cerebellum - Brain Stem Function

Midbrain - composed mainly of tracts of myelinated axons superior portion of the brain stem, composed of tracts of myelinated axons

Tectum - the dorsal surface of the midbrain

Corpora quandruiemina - four lumps on the tectum

Superior colliculi - The two superior lumps on the tectum, houses reflex center that move your head and eyes to view moving objects

Inferior colliculi - The two inferior lumps on the tectum, houses reflex centers that move your head in response to startling sounds

Pons - the central portion of the brain stem

Nuclei - cluster of neuron bodies, that are involved in maintaining the rhythm of breathing

Medulla Oblongata - Most inferior part of the brain stem, connected directly to the spinal cord. 

Function of Medulla Oblongata - Descending tracts of axons running through ventral portions of the medulla carry commands from the brain to motor neurons in the spinal cord. Ascending tracts through the dorsal portion carry sensory information to the brain. Contains nuclei associated with exerting control over the heartbeat, and nuclei that work with the pons to control breathing.

Fourth ventricle - diamond shaped cavity on the backside of the brain stem, between the brainstem and cerebellum

Cerebral aqueduct - The canal that passes longitudinally through the midbrain, connecting the third and fourth ventricles 

What flows through the cerebral aqueduct? - Cerebrospinal fluid

A blow to the back of the head that damages the medulla oblongata may be fatal. Why? - It exerts control over heart rate and breathing

Cerebellum - unconsciously coordinate movements of the body

Transverse fissure - a deep groped that separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum

Vermis - The midsection of the cerebellum

Cerebellar Hemisphere - The sides of the cerebellum

Folia - folds on the surface of each cerebellar hemisphere separated by shallow sulci

Arbor Vitae - Branches of white matter that appear similar to the tree of life

Nerve - bundle of axons located outside of the CNS

How many nerves are attached directly to the brain - 12 pairs

Cranial nerves - carry sensory information directly to and motor information directly from the brain

Which two nerves attach to the brain stem - The olfactory and optic nerves 

Olfactory nerve - provides sense of smell

Optic nerve - provides vision

Oculomotor nerve - opening and moving eyes, adjusting pupil width

Trochlear Nerve - Looking down and moving eyes towards or away from nose

Trigeminal Nerve - Carries sensory information from face and motor commands to chewing muscles

Abducens nerve - moving eyes left and right

Facial nerve - controls facial muscles to make facial expression and provide sense of taste

Vestibulocochlear nerve - provides sense of hearing

Glossopharyngeal nerve - taste sensations, control muscles for swallowing, bp regulation, saliva production

Vagus nerve - regulates automatic bodily processes

Accessory nerve - shoulder and neck movement

Hypoglossal nerve - tongue movement

What problem would a person have if his oculomotor nerves were damaged? - causes problem moving eyeballs

What problem would a person have if his optic nerves were damaged? - problem with vision

Which pair of cranial nerves innervates various structures in the ventral body cavity - vagus nerves

What parts of the body do vagus nerves connect to the brain? - the heart, lungs, and stomach

Olfactory nerves - extend from the nasal cavity to the anterior portion of the brain

Olfactory bulbs - carry sensory information about smell

Olfactory tract - carry sensory information about smell

Optic nerves - carry visual sensory information

Optic chiasm - The pair of optic nerves 

Optic tracts - where axons travel through the brain paired together

Oculomotor nerves - between the mammillary bodies and the pons, carry motor commands for movement of the eyeballs

Trigeminal nerves - extend from the sides of pons, receive sensory information from parts of the face, mouth, and tongue, and send motor commands to muscles involved in chewing.

What is the difference between a tract and nerve? - a tract is found in the CNS and a nerve is found in the PNS

How does the structure of olfactory nerves differ from the other cranial nerves? - There are multiple olfactory nerves attached to each side of the brain. The other cranial nerves are paired.