AP PSYCH 4.1 Introduction to Learning
Components of Learning
- Change in behavior
- Results from experience
- Doesn’t come from growth, like being able to reach a shelf when you get taller
- Yes there was a change, but this was not an experience beyond normal biological progress
- Relatively permanent
Key Researchers
Albert Bandura
- Observational learning
- Learn through watching a model and imitating it
Ivan Pavlov
- Early researcher associated with learning
- Studied classical conditioning/associative learning
- His dogs and salivation experiment is very well known
- Also proved that biological functions (in this case, salivation) could be trained
Robert Rescorla
- Proved that cognition was taking place when an organism recognized association
- Certain things are more readily associated with one another
- There are certain biological predispositions or senses that are better suited for learning
Edward Tolman
- Latent learning
- An organism may learn something but not demonstrate the behavior that learning pertains to until there is a motivation
- Rats that are allowed to wander a maze will continue to meander
- Once food is placed at the end, they can ‘suddenly’ navigate it without many errors
- They had learned it already, but had no need to display the learning yet
John B. Watson
- Large original contributor to behaviorism
- Focus of research is on observable behavior
- The study of learning lends itself to this school of thought
John Garcia
- Also proposed biological predispositions that make some sense easier to learn
- Animals tend to create associations will illness and food very quickly, even if there is another reason contributing to the sickness
Learning Principles
- Insight learning
- Sudden burst of cognition that reveals solution
- Emotional learning
- How our feelings contribute to associations and how readily they’re recognized
- Superstitious behavior
- Recognizing association where none actually exists
- “Good luck” from a ritual or charm
- Learned helplessness
- Repeated failure until the learner gives up and resigns to the punishments
- Learning is very complex and involves both behavioral and cognitive components